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Dynamic In Situ Three-Dimensional Imaging and Digital Volume Correlation Analysis to Quantify Strain Localization and Fracture Coalescence in Sandstone

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Abstract

Advances in triaxial compression deformation apparatus design, dynamic X-ray microtomography imaging, data analysis techniques, and digital volume correlation analysis provide unparalleled access to the in situ four-dimensional distribution of developing strain within rocks. To demonstrate the power of these new techniques and acquire detailed information about the micromechanics of damage evolution, deformation, and failure of porous rocks, we deformed 3-cm-scale cylindrical specimens of low-porosity Fontainebleau sandstone in an X-ray-transparent triaxial compression apparatus, and repeatedly recorded three-dimensional tomograms of the specimens as the differential stress was increased until macroscopic failure occurred. Experiments were performed at room temperature with confining pressure in the range of 10–20 MPa. Distinct grayscale subsets, indicative of density, enabled segmentation of the three-dimensional tomograms into intact rock matrix, pore space, and fractures. Digital volume correlation analysis of pairs of tomograms provided time series of three-dimensional incremental strain tensor fields throughout the experiments. After the yield stress was reached, the samples deformed first by dilatant opening and propagation of microfractures, and then by shear sliding via grain rotation and strain localization along faults. For two samples, damage and dilatancy occurred by grain boundary opening and then a sudden collapse of the granular rock framework at failure. For the third sample, a fault nucleated near the yield point and propagated in the sample through the development of transgranular microfractures. The results confirm findings of previous experimental studies on the same rock and provide new detailed quantifications of: (1) the proportion of shear versus dilatant strain in the sample, (2) the amount of dilatancy due to microfracture opening versus pore opening when a fault develops, and (3) the role of grain boundaries and pore walls in pinning microfracture propagation and slowing down the rate of damage accumulation as failure is approached. Our study demonstrates how the combination of high-resolution in situ dynamic X-ray microtomography imaging and digital volume image correlation analysis can be used to provide additional information to unravel brittle failure processes in rocks under stress conditions relevant to the upper crust.

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Acknowledgements

The deformation apparatus was built by Sanchez Technology. Elodie Boller, Paul Tafforeau, and Alexander Rack provided advice on the design of the tomography setup. This study received funding from the Norwegian Research Council (project ARGUS, grant 272217) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under ERC advanced grant agreement no. 669972, “Disequilibrium Metamorphism” (“DIME”). W.Z. acknowledges partial support from the US National Science Foundation EAR-1761912. Beam time was allocated at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (long-term proposal ES-295). Data storage was provided by UNINETT Sigma2-the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway (project NS9073 K). Médard Thiry (Mines ParisTech) is acknowledged for providing the Fontainebleau sandstone. We thank the Editor, Yehuda Ben-Zion and two anonymous referees for constructive suggestions during the review process.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Geosciences and Physics, The Njord Centre, PGP, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    François Renard, Jessica McBeck, Benoît Cordonnier, Xiaojiao Zheng, Neelima Kandula, Jesus R. Sanchez, Maya Kobchenko & Dag K. Dysthe

  2. Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000, Grenoble, France

    François Renard

  3. ESRF, The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France

    Benoît Cordonnier

  4. Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, CNES, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France

    Catherine Noiriel

  5. Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Wenlu Zhu

  6. Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Paul Meakin

  7. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK

    Florian Fusseis

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  1. François Renard
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Renard, F., McBeck, J., Cordonnier, B. et al. Dynamic In Situ Three-Dimensional Imaging and Digital Volume Correlation Analysis to Quantify Strain Localization and Fracture Coalescence in Sandstone. Pure Appl. Geophys. 176, 1083–1115 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2003-x

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