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Estimation of Seismic and Aseismic Deformation in Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico, in the 2006–2009 Period, Using Precise Leveling, DInSAR, Geotechnical Instruments Data, and Modeling

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Abstract

Ground deformation and seismicity in Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico, the southern part of the Mexicali-Imperial valley, are influenced by active tectonics and human activity. In this study, data from two successive leveling surveys in 2006 and 2009/2010 are used to estimate the total deformation occurred in Mexicali Valley during 2006–2009. The leveling data span more than 3.5 years and include deformation from several natural and anthropogenic sources that acted at different temporal and spatial scales during the analyzed period. Because of its large magnitude, the aseismic anthropogenic deformation caused by fluid extraction in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field obscures the deformation caused by other mechanisms and sources. The method of differential interferograms stacking was used to estimate the aseismic (interseismic tectonic and anthropogenic) components of the observed displacement, using SAR images, taken in 2007 during a period when no significant seismicity occurred in the study area. After removing the estimated aseismic signal from the leveling data, residual vertical displacement remained, and to identify possible sources and mechanisms of this displacement, a detailed analysis of records from tiltmeters and creepmeters was performed. The results of this analysis suggest that the residual displacement is mainly caused by moderate-sized seismicity in the area of study. Modeling of the vertical ground deformation caused by the coseismic slip on source fault (primary mechanism) of the two most important earthquakes, May 24, 2006 (Mw = 5.4) and December 30, 2009 (Mw = 5.8), was performed. The modeling results, together with the analysis of geotechnical instruments data, suggests that this moderate-sized seismicity influences the deformation in the study area by coseismic slip on the source fault, triggered slip on secondary faults, and soft sediments deformation.

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Notes

  1. All contour maps: Fig. 3, Fig. 5c, Figs. 6a, b, Fig. 9a–c, were obtained using grids generated by the procedure described above.

  2. Hereafter, “X” in the instruments name means that the east–west tilt component is analyzed, “Y” means the north–south tilt component, and “V” indicates that the instrument is a creepmeter that records the vertical component of ground displacement.

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Acknowledgments

Images from the European Space Agency’s Envisat satellite were used to generate the interferometric data. The data were obtained as part of the ESA Cat-1 Project (ID—C1P3508).

This research was sponsored in part by CONACYT project number 105907-F, CONAGUA agreement GRPBC-CICESE-01, 2005 and 2009, and CICESE internal funds. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Carlos Iván Hernández Gutiérrez (UAS) who participated in the preliminary part of this study thanks to a “Programa Delfín” summer scholarship. E.G is grateful to Dr O. Lazaro-Mancilla for his aid during the fieldwork after the December 30, 2009 earthquake.

The authors thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and valuable suggestions that allowed us to improve and clarify the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. División de Ciencias de la Tierra, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, C. P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

    Olga Sarychikhina, Ewa Glowacka & F. Alejandro Nava

  2. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA), Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532, Col. Progreso, C. P. 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico

    Braulio Robles

  3. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Boulevard Benito Juárez s/n, C. P. 21280, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico

    Miguel Guzmán

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  1. Olga Sarychikhina
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  2. Ewa Glowacka
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  4. F. Alejandro Nava
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Correspondence to Olga Sarychikhina.

Electronic supplementary material

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24_2015_1067_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 1 (TIFF 7906 kb) Figure E1: Geocoded differential wrapped interferograms from Envisat ASAR ascending pass used in stacking (Fig. 5a). The number corresponds to the interferometric pair number in Table 2. Areas of low coherence (<0.5 on the filtered differential interferogram) are masked. One color cycle corresponds to 2.8 cm of displacements in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction. The borders of the evaporation pond, the CPGF limits, and the Cerro Prieto volcano (CPV) (gray lines) are superposed on the differential interferograms for reference. Faults notation as in Fig. 2

24_2015_1067_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 2 (TIFF 3290 kb) Figure E2: Geocoded differential wrapped interferograms from Envisat ASAR descending pass used in stacking (Fig. 5b). The number corresponds to the interferometric pair number in Table 2. Areas of low coherence (<0.5 on the filtered differential interferogram) are masked. One color cycle corresponds to 2.8 cm of displacements in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction. The borders of the evaporation pond, the CPGF limits, and the Cerro Prieto volcano (CPV) (gray lines) are superposed on the differential interferograms for reference. Faults notation as in Fig. 2

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Sarychikhina, O., Glowacka, E., Robles, B. et al. Estimation of Seismic and Aseismic Deformation in Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico, in the 2006–2009 Period, Using Precise Leveling, DInSAR, Geotechnical Instruments Data, and Modeling. Pure Appl. Geophys. 172, 3139–3162 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1067-0

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