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γδ T cells in oral diseases

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Abstract

Objective

γδ T cells are a distinct subset of unconventional T cells, which link innate and adaptive immunity by secreting cytokines and interacting with other immune cells, thereby modulating immune responses. As the first line of host defense, γδ T cells are essential for mucosal homeostasis and immune surveillance. When abnormally activated or impaired, γδ T cells can contribute to pathogenic processes. Accumulating evidence has revealed substantial impacts of γδ T cells on the pathogenesis of cancers, infections, and immune-inflammatory diseases. γδ T cells exhibit dual roles in cancers, promoting or inhibiting tumor growth, depending on their phenotypes and the clinical stage of cancers. During infections, γδ T cells exert high cytotoxic activity in infectious diseases, which is essential for combating bacterial and viral infections by recognizing foreign antigens and activating other immune cells. γδ T cells are also implicated in the onset and progression of immune-inflammatory diseases. However, the specific involvement and underlying mechanisms of γδ T cells in oral diseases have not been systematically discussed.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review using the PubMed/MEDLINE databases to identify and analyze relevant literature on the roles of γδ T cells in oral diseases.

Results

The literature review revealed that γδ T cells play a pivotal role in maintaining oral mucosal homeostasis and are involved in the pathogenesis of oral cancers, periodontal diseases, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), oral lichen planus (OLP), and oral candidiasis. γδ T cells mainly influence various pathophysiological processes, such as anti-tumor activity, eradication of infection, and immune response regulation.

Conclusion

This review focuses on the involvement of γδ T cells in oral diseases, with a particular emphasis on the main functions and underlying mechanisms by which γδ T cells influence the pathogenesis and progression of these conditions. This review underscores the potential of γδ T cells as therapeutic targets in managing oral health issues.

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Data availability

In this manuscript, we conducted a systematic literature review using the PubMed/MEDLINE databases to identify and analyze relevant literature on the roles of γδ T cells in oral diseases.

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Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82201068 and 82270983).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Xin-Yi Wei, Ya-Qin Tan & Gang Zhou

  2. Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Ya-Qin Tan & Gang Zhou

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  1. Xin-Yi Wei
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  2. Ya-Qin Tan
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  3. Gang Zhou
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. XW was involved in writing—original draft preparation. YT and GZ reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors gave their approval for the final manuscript to be published.

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Correspondence to Ya-Qin Tan or Gang Zhou.

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Wei, XY., Tan, YQ. & Zhou, G. γδ T cells in oral diseases. Inflamm. Res. 73, 867–876 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-024-01870-z

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