Abstract
We explore the impact of initial state soft gluon radiations on the azimuthal angle asymmetries in photo-production of hard di-jet via coherent diffraction in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions, as well as in electron-proton (ep) and electron-nucleus (eA) collisions. The primary production mechanism is identified as the diffractive production of two hard jets, accompanied by a collinear gluon emission along the beam direction. In contrast, the diffractive exclusive di-jet production, where the initial state radiation is absent, is suppressed due to color transparency. Our analysis shows that azimuthal asymmetries, traditionally attributed to final state gluon emissions, are reduced by the presence of initial state radiations. The sensitivity of azimuthal asymmetries to both initial and final state radiations suggests that they could provide novel insights into the mechanisms of di-jet production in diffractive processes.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
V.M. Braun and D.Y. Ivanov, Exclusive diffractive electroproduction of dijets in collinear factorization, Phys. Rev. D 72 (2005) 034016 [hep-ph/0505263] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hatta, B.-W. Xiao and F. Yuan, Probing the Small- x Gluon Tomography in Correlated Hard Diffractive Dijet Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 202301 [arXiv:1601.01585] [INSPIRE].
T. Altinoluk, N. Armesto, G. Beuf and A.H. Rezaeian, Diffractive Dijet Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering and Photon-Hadron Collisions in the Color Glass Condensate, Phys. Lett. B 758 (2016) 373 [arXiv:1511.07452] [INSPIRE].
J. Zhou, Elliptic gluon generalized transverse-momentum-dependent distribution inside a large nucleus, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 114017 [arXiv:1611.02397] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hagiwara et al., Accessing the gluon Wigner distribution in ultraperipheral pA collisions, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 034009 [arXiv:1706.01765] [INSPIRE].
H. Mäntysaari, N. Mueller and B. Schenke, Diffractive Dijet Production and Wigner Distributions from the Color Glass Condensate, Phys. Rev. D 99 (2019) 074004 [arXiv:1902.05087] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hatta, N. Mueller, T. Ueda and F. Yuan, QCD Resummation in Hard Diffractive Dijet Production at the Electron-Ion Collider, Phys. Lett. B 802 (2020) 135211 [arXiv:1907.09491] [INSPIRE].
H. Mäntysaari, N. Mueller, F. Salazar and B. Schenke, Multigluon Correlations and Evidence of Saturation from Dijet Measurements at an Electron-Ion Collider, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 (2020) 112301 [arXiv:1912.05586] [INSPIRE].
V. Guzey and M. Klasen, Inclusive and diffractive dijet photoproduction in UPCs at the LHC in NLO QCD, PoS EPS-HEP2019 (2020) 302 [arXiv:1909.08954] [INSPIRE].
V. Guzey and M. Klasen, How large is the diffractive contribution to inclusive dijet photoproduction in ultraperipheral collisions at the LHC?, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) 114013 [arXiv:2012.13277] [INSPIRE].
V. Guzey and M. Klasen, Diffractive dijet photoproduction at the EIC, JHEP 05 (2020) 074 [arXiv:2004.06972] [INSPIRE].
E. Iancu, A.H. Mueller and D.N. Triantafyllopoulos, Probing Parton Saturation and the Gluon Dipole via Diffractive Jet Production at the Electron-Ion Collider, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (2022) 202001 [arXiv:2112.06353] [INSPIRE].
D. Boer and C. Setyadi, GTMD model predictions for diffractive dijet production at EIC, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) 074006 [arXiv:2106.15148] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hatta, B.-W. Xiao and F. Yuan, Semi-inclusive diffractive deep inelastic scattering at small x, Phys. Rev. D 106 (2022) 094015 [arXiv:2205.08060] [INSPIRE].
C. Zhang, Q.-S. Dai and D.Y. Shao, Azimuthal decorrelation for photon induced dijet production in ultra-peripheral collisions of heavy ions, JHEP 02 (2023) 002 [arXiv:2211.07071] [INSPIRE].
E. Iancu, A.H. Mueller, D.N. Triantafyllopoulos and S.Y. Wei, Gluon dipole factorisation for diffractive dijets, JHEP 10 (2022) 103 [arXiv:2207.06268] [INSPIRE].
L. Frankfurt, V. Guzey, A. Stasto and M. Strikman, Selected topics in diffraction with protons and nuclei: past, present, and future, Rept. Prog. Phys. 85 (2022) 126301 [arXiv:2203.12289] [INSPIRE].
E. Iancu, A.H. Mueller, D.N. Triantafyllopoulos and S.Y. Wei, Probing gluon saturation via diffractive jets in ultra-peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions, Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) 1078 [arXiv:2304.12401] [INSPIRE].
B. Rodriguez-Aguilar, D.N. Triantafyllopoulos and S.Y. Wei, Incoherent diffractive dijet production in electron DIS off nuclei at high energy, Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023) 114007 [arXiv:2302.01106] [INSPIRE].
X. Li, Z.-X. Chen, S. Cao and S.-Y. Wei, Correlations of dihadron polarization in central, peripheral, and ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. D 109 (2024) 014035 [arXiv:2309.09487] [INSPIRE].
X.-D. Ji, Viewing the proton through ‘color’ filters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 062001 [hep-ph/0304037] [INSPIRE].
A.V. Belitsky, X.-D. Ji and F. Yuan, Quark imaging in the proton via quantum phase space distributions, Phys. Rev. D 69 (2004) 074014 [hep-ph/0307383] [INSPIRE].
V.M. Braun et al., Exclusive photoproduction of hard dijets and magnetic susceptibility of QCD vacuum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 172001 [hep-ph/0206305] [INSPIRE].
X. Ji, F. Yuan and Y. Zhao, Hunting the Gluon Orbital Angular Momentum at the Electron-Ion Collider, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (2017) 192004 [arXiv:1612.02438] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hatta et al., Gluon orbital angular momentum at small-x, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 114032 [arXiv:1612.02445] [INSPIRE].
S. Bhattacharya, R. Boussarie and Y. Hatta, Signature of the Gluon Orbital Angular Momentum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (2022) 182002 [arXiv:2201.08709] [INSPIRE].
S. Bhattacharya et al., Exclusive double quarkonium production and generalized TMDs of gluons, Phys. Lett. B 833 (2022) 137383 [arXiv:1802.10550] [INSPIRE].
R. Boussarie, Y. Hatta, B.-W. Xiao and F. Yuan, Probing the Weizsäcker-Williams gluon Wigner distribution in pp collisions, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 074015 [arXiv:1807.08697] [INSPIRE].
J.C. Collins, Proof of factorization for diffractive hard scattering, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 3051 [Erratum ibid. 61 (2000) 019902] [hep-ph/9709499] [INSPIRE].
ZEUS collaboration, Production of exclusive dijets in diffractive deep inelastic scattering at HERA, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 16 [arXiv:1505.05783] [INSPIRE].
A.H. Mueller, Soft gluons in the infinite momentum wave function and the BFKL pomeron, Nucl. Phys. B 415 (1994) 373 [INSPIRE].
A.H. Mueller, Parton saturation at small x and in large nuclei, Nucl. Phys. B 558 (1999) 285 [hep-ph/9904404] [INSPIRE].
L.D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, Computing quark and gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei, Phys. Rev. D 49 (1994) 2233 [hep-ph/9309289] [INSPIRE].
L.D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, Gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei at small transverse momentum, Phys. Rev. D 49 (1994) 3352 [hep-ph/9311205] [INSPIRE].
L.D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, Green’s functions in the color field of a large nucleus, Phys. Rev. D 50 (1994) 2225 [hep-ph/9402335] [INSPIRE].
A. Hebecker, Diffractive parton distributions in the semiclassical approach, Nucl. Phys. B 505 (1997) 349 [hep-ph/9702373] [INSPIRE].
W. Buchmuller, T. Gehrmann and A. Hebecker, Inclusive and diffractive structure functions at small x, Nucl. Phys. B 537 (1999) 477 [hep-ph/9808454] [INSPIRE].
K.J. Golec-Biernat and M. Wusthoff, Saturation in diffractive deep inelastic scattering, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 114023 [hep-ph/9903358] [INSPIRE].
F. Hautmann, Z. Kunszt and D.E. Soper, Hard scattering factorization and light cone Hamiltonian approach to diffractive processes, Nucl. Phys. B 563 (1999) 153 [hep-ph/9906284] [INSPIRE].
F. Hautmann and D.E. Soper, Color transparency in deeply inelastic diffraction, Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 011501 [hep-ph/0008224] [INSPIRE].
K.J. Golec-Biernat and M. Wusthoff, Diffractive parton distributions from the saturation model, Eur. Phys. J. C 20 (2001) 313 [hep-ph/0102093] [INSPIRE].
M. Salajegheh et al., Determination of diffractive PDFs from a global QCD analysis of inclusive diffractive DIS and dijet cross-section measurements at HERA, Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023) 094038 [arXiv:2301.10284] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hatta, B.-W. Xiao and F. Yuan, Gluon Tomography from Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering at Small-x, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 114026 [arXiv:1703.02085] [INSPIRE].
H. Mäntysaari, K. Roy, F. Salazar and B. Schenke, Gluon imaging using azimuthal correlations in diffractive scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 094026 [arXiv:2011.02464] [INSPIRE].
A. Dumitru et al., Azimuthal correlations in diffractive scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider, SciPost Phys. Proc. 8 (2022) 102 [arXiv:2105.10144] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hagiwara, C. Zhang, J. Zhou and Y.-J. Zhou, Probing the gluon tomography in photoproduction of dipion, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) 094021 [arXiv:2106.13466] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hatta, B.-W. Xiao, F. Yuan and J. Zhou, Anisotropy in Dijet Production in Exclusive and Inclusive Processes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 (2021) 142001 [arXiv:2010.10774] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hatta, B.-W. Xiao, F. Yuan and J. Zhou, Azimuthal angular asymmetry of soft gluon radiation in jet production, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) 054037 [arXiv:2106.05307] [INSPIRE].
H. Mäntysaari and R. Venugopalan, Systematics of strong nuclear amplification of gluon saturation from exclusive vector meson production in high energy electron-nucleus collisions, Phys. Lett. B 781 (2018) 664 [arXiv:1712.02508] [INSPIRE].
H. Xing, C. Zhang, J. Zhou and Y.-J. Zhou, The cos 2ϕ azimuthal asymmetry in ρ0 meson production in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions, JHEP 10 (2020) 064 [arXiv:2006.06206] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hagiwara, C. Zhang, J. Zhou and Y.-J. Zhou, Coulomb nuclear interference effect in dipion production in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 074013 [arXiv:2011.13151] [INSPIRE].
J.D. Brandenburg et al., Exploring gluon tomography with polarization dependent diffractive J/ψ production, Phys. Rev. D 106 (2022) 074008 [arXiv:2207.02478] [INSPIRE].
D.Y. Shao, C. Zhang, J. Zhou and Y.-J. Zhou, Azimuthal asymmetries of muon pair production in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023) 036020 [arXiv:2212.05775] [INSPIRE].
D.Y. Shao, C. Zhang, J. Zhou and Y.-J. Zhou, Lepton pair production in ultraperipheral collisions: Toward a precision test of the resummation formalism, Phys. Rev. D 108 (2023) 116015 [arXiv:2306.02337] [INSPIRE].
S. Hauksson et al., TMD factorisation for diffractive jets in photon-nucleus interactions, JHEP 06 (2024) 180 [arXiv:2402.14748] [INSPIRE].
S.R. Klein and J. Nystrand, Interference in exclusive vector meson production in heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 2330 [hep-ph/9909237] [INSPIRE].
W. Zha et al., Double-slit experiment at fermi scale: coherent photoproduction in heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 99 (2019) 061901 [arXiv:1810.10694] [INSPIRE].
H. Mäntysaari et al., Effects of nuclear structure and quantum interference on diffractive vector meson production in ultra-peripheral nuclear collisions, Phys. Rev. C 109 (2024) 024908 [arXiv:2310.15300] [INSPIRE].
C.A. Bertulani and G. Baur, Electromagnetic Processes in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions, Phys. Rept. 163 (1988) 299 [INSPIRE].
C.A. Bertulani, S.R. Klein and J. Nystrand, Physics of ultra-peripheral nuclear collisions, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 55 (2005) 271 [nucl-ex/0502005] [INSPIRE].
A.J. Baltz, The Physics of Ultraperipheral Collisions at the LHC, Phys. Rept. 458 (2008) 1 [arXiv:0706.3356] [INSPIRE].
T. Liu, W. Melnitchouk, J.-W. Qiu and N. Sato, Factorized approach to radiative corrections for inelastic lepton-hadron collisions, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) 094033 [arXiv:2008.02895] [INSPIRE].
C.W. Bauer, S. Fleming and M.E. Luke, Summing Sudakov logarithms in B → Xsγin effective field theory, Phys. Rev. D 63 (2000) 014006 [hep-ph/0005275] [INSPIRE].
C.W. Bauer, S. Fleming, D. Pirjol and I.W. Stewart, An effective field theory for collinear and soft gluons: Heavy to light decays, Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 114020 [hep-ph/0011336] [INSPIRE].
C.W. Bauer and I.W. Stewart, Invariant operators in collinear effective theory, Phys. Lett. B 516 (2001) 134 [hep-ph/0107001] [INSPIRE].
C.W. Bauer, D. Pirjol and I.W. Stewart, Soft collinear factorization in effective field theory, Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002) 054022 [hep-ph/0109045] [INSPIRE].
C.W. Bauer et al., Hard scattering factorization from effective field theory, Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002) 014017 [hep-ph/0202088] [INSPIRE].
A.H. Mueller, B.-W. Xiao and F. Yuan, Sudakov Resummation in Small-x Saturation Formalism, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 082301 [arXiv:1210.5792] [INSPIRE].
A.H. Mueller, B.-W. Xiao and F. Yuan, Sudakov double logarithms resummation in hard processes in the small-x saturation formalism, Phys. Rev. D 88 (2013) 114010 [arXiv:1308.2993] [INSPIRE].
J. Zhou, Scale dependence of the small x transverse momentum dependent gluon distribution, Phys. Rev. D 99 (2019) 054026 [arXiv:1807.00506] [INSPIRE].
B.-W. Xiao, F. Yuan and J. Zhou, Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Distributions at Small-x, Nucl. Phys. B 921 (2017) 104 [arXiv:1703.06163] [INSPIRE].
J. Collins, Foundations of Perturbative QCD, Cambridge University Press (2023) [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009401845] [INSPIRE].
R. Boussarie et al., TMD Handbook, arXiv:2304.03302 [INSPIRE].
P. Sun, J. Isaacson, C.-P. Yuan and F. Yuan, Nonperturbative functions for SIDIS and Drell-Yan processes, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 33 (2018) 1841006 [arXiv:1406.3073] [INSPIRE].
M.G. Echevarria, Z.-B. Kang and J. Terry, Global analysis of the Sivers functions at NLO+NNLL in QCD, JHEP 01 (2021) 126 [arXiv:2009.10710] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Azimuthal Correlations within Exclusive Dijets with Large Momentum Transfer in Photon-Lead Collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 (2023) 051901 [arXiv:2205.00045] [INSPIRE].
K.J. Golec-Biernat and M. Wusthoff, Saturation effects in deep inelastic scattering at low Q**2 and its implications on diffraction, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1998) 014017 [hep-ph/9807513] [INSPIRE].
K. Watanabe, B.-W. Xiao, F. Yuan and D. Zaslavsky, Implementing the exact kinematical constraint in the saturation formalism, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 034026 [arXiv:1505.05183] [INSPIRE].
X.-B. Tong, B.-W. Xiao and Y.-Y. Zhang, Harmonics of Parton Saturation in Lepton-Jet Correlations at the Electron-Ion Collider, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130 (2023) 151902 [arXiv:2211.01647] [INSPIRE].
X.-B. Tong, B.-W. Xiao and Y.-Y. Zhang, Harmonics of lepton-jet correlations in inclusive and diffractive scatterings, Phys. Rev. D 109 (2024) 054004 [arXiv:2310.20662] [INSPIRE].
T. Becher, M. Neubert, L. Rothen and D.Y. Shao, Effective Field Theory for Jet Processes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 192001 [arXiv:1508.06645] [INSPIRE].
M.G.A. Buffing, Z.-B. Kang, K. Lee and X. Liu, A transverse momentum dependent framework for back-to-back photon+jet production, arXiv:1812.07549 [INSPIRE].
Y.-T. Chien, D.Y. Shao and B. Wu, Resummation of Boson-Jet Correlation at Hadron Colliders, JHEP 11 (2019) 025 [arXiv:1905.01335] [INSPIRE].
Z.-B. Kang, K. Lee, D.Y. Shao and J. Terry, The Sivers Asymmetry in Hadronic Dijet Production, JHEP 02 (2021) 066 [arXiv:2008.05470] [INSPIRE].
R.F. del Castillo, M.G. Echevarria, Y. Makris and I. Scimemi, TMD factorization for dijet and heavy-meson pair in DIS, JHEP 01 (2021) 088 [arXiv:2008.07531] [INSPIRE].
Z.-B. Kang, K. Lee, D.Y. Shao and F. Zhao, Spin asymmetries in electron-jet production at the future electron ion collider, JHEP 11 (2021) 005 [arXiv:2106.15624] [INSPIRE].
R.F. del Castillo, M.G. Echevarria, Y. Makris and I. Scimemi, Transverse momentum dependent distributions in dijet and heavy hadron pair production at EIC, JHEP 03 (2022) 047 [arXiv:2111.03703] [INSPIRE].
Acknowledgments
We thank Shu-Yi Wei for the valuable discussions. D.Y.S. is supported by the National Science Foundations of China under Grant No. 12275052 and No. 12147101 and the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 21ZR1406100. J. Zhou has been supported by the National Science Foundations of China under Grant No. 12175118 and the National Science Foundation under Contract No. PHY-1516088. Y. Zhou has been supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No. ZR2020MA098. C. Zhang has been supported by the National Science Foundations of China under Grant No. 12147125. Y. Shi is supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No. 2022M720082.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
ArXiv ePrint: 2402.05465
Rights and permissions
Open Access . This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Shao, D.Y., Shi, Y., Zhang, C. et al. Revisiting azimuthal angular asymmetries in diffractive di-jet production. J. High Energ. Phys. 2024, 189 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2024)189
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2024)189