Abstract
This paper presents an account of a research project that explored the experiences of adolescents struggling with behavioural and emotional issues, who participated in a 14-day adventure therapy program in Australia referred to by the pseudonym, “Onward Adventures.” All participants of this program over the age of 16 who completed within the last two years were asked to complete a survey. Additionally, the parents of these participants were invited to complete a similar survey. The qualitative surveys were designed to question participants’ and parents’ perceptions of the program (pre- and post-), the relationships (therapeutic alliance) built with program therapists, follow-up support, and outcomes of the program. Both participants and parents reported strong relationships with program leaders, stressed the importance of effective follow-up services, and perceived positive outcomes when it came to self-esteem and social skills, seeing comparable improvement in self-concept, overall behaviour, and coping skills.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AASW. (2013). Practice standards. Australian Association of Social Workers. Retrieved from http://www.aasw.asn.au/document/item/4551
APS. (2007). APS code of ethics. Australian Pyschology Society. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.au/about/ethics/
Asay, T. P., & Lambert, M. J. (1999). The empirical case for the common factors of therapy: Quantitative findings. In M. A. Hubble, B. L. Duncan, & S. D. Miller (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp. 33–56). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). One in five Australians have a mental illness: ABS. [Press release]. Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/DA6169F7642069A8CA2574EA001A160C?OpenDocument
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). Young Australians: Their health and wellbeing 2011. Retrieved from Canberra http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737419259
Autry, C. E. (2001). Adventure therapy with girls at-risk: Responses to outdoor experiential activities. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 35(4), 289–306.
Behrens, E., Santa, J., & Gass, M. (2010). The evidence base for private therapeutic schools, residential programs, and wilderness therapy programs. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 4(1), 106–117.
Bowen, D. J., & Neill, J. T. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 28–53.
Brown, M. (2008). Comfort zone: Model or metaphor? Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 12(1), 3–12.
Clark, J. P., Marmol, L. M., Cooley, R., & Gathercoal, K. (2004). The effects of wilderness therapy on the clinical concerns (on Axes I, II, and IV) of troubled adolescents. Journal of Experiential Education, 27(2), 213–232.
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. L. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Davis-Berman, J. S., & Berman, D. (1994). Wilderness therapy: Foundations, theories and research. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
Draper, S., Bjorklund, E., Hess, J. Z., & Preece, N. (2013). Poison apples, big bad wolves, and other “happy ending” spoilers: Overcoming barriers to enduring change following youth residential treatment. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 4(1), 69–97.
Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., & Sparks, J. A. (2004). The heroic client: A revolutionary way to improve effectiveness through client-directed, outcome-informed therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., & Sparks, J. A. (2007). Common factors and the uncommon heroism of youth. Psychotherapy in Australia, 13(2), 34–43.
Faddis, T. J., & Bettmann, J. E. (2004). Reflecting teams and other innovative family therapy techniques adapted for outdoor behavioral healthcare. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 1(1), 57–69.
Garcia, J. A., & Weisz, J. R. (2002). When youth mental health care stops: Therapeutic relationship problems and other reasons for ending youth outpatient treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 439–443.
Gass, M. A., & Gillis, H. L. (1995). CHANGES: An assessment model using adventure experiences. Journal of Experiential Education, 18(1), 34-40.
Gass, M. A., Gillis, H. L., & Russell, K. C. (2012). Adventure therapy: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
Harper, N. J. (2007). A mixed methods examiniation of family involvement in adolescent wilderness therapy. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest.
Harper, N. J., & Cooley, R. (2007). Parental reports of adolescent and family well-being following a wilderness therapy intervention: An exploratory look at systemic change. Journal of Experiential Education, 29(3), 393–396.
Harper, N. J., Russell, K. C., Cooley, R., & Cupples, J. (2007). Catherine Freer wilderness therapy expeditions: An exploratory case study of adolescent therapy, family functioning, and the maintenance of change. Child and Youth Care Forum, 36,111–129.
Hill, N. R. (2007). Wilderness therapy as a treatment modality for at-risk youth: A primer for mental health counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 29(4), 338–349.
Hubble, M. A., Duncan, B. L., & Miller, S. D. (Eds.). (1999). The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Krill, D. F. (2014). Existential social work. Advances in Social Work, 15(1), 117–128.
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Arata, C., O’Brien, N., O’Bowers, D., & Klibert, J. (2006). Sensitive research with adolescents: Just how upsetting are self-report surveys anyway? Violence and Victims, 21(4), 425–444.
McGorry, P., Bates, T., & Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: Examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30–s35.
McKenzie, M. D. (2000). How are adventure education program outcomes achieved?: A review of the literature. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 5(1), 19–28.
Miller, S. D., Duncan, B. L., & Hubble, M. A. (2004). Beyond integration: The triumph of outcome over process in clinical practice. Psychotherapy in Australia, 10(2), 2–19.
Mulholland, R., & Williams, A. (1998). Exploring together outdoors: A family therapy approach based in the outdoors for troubled mother/daughter relationships. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 3(1), 21–31.
Neill, J. T. (2003). Reviewing and benchmarking adventure therapy outcomes: Applications of meta-analysis. Journal of Experiential Education, 25(3), 316–321.
Norton, C. L. (2010a). Exploring the process of a therapeutic wilderness experience: Key components in the treatment of adolescent depression and psychosocial development. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 4(1), 24–26.
Norton, C. L. (2010b). Into the wilderness — A case study: The psychodynamics of adolescent depression and the need for a holistic intervention. Clinical Social Worker Journal, 38, 226–235.
Norton, C. L. (2010a). Exploring the process of a therapeutic wilderness experience: Key components in the treatment of adolescent depression and psychosocial development. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 4(1), 24–26.
Norton, C. L. (2010b). Into the wilderness — A case study: The psychodynamics of adolescent depression and the need for a holistic intervention. Clinical Social Worker Journal, 38, 226–235.
Orlinsky, D. E., Grawe, K., & Parks, B. K. (1994). Process and outcome in psychotherapy — noch einmal. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. (4th ed., pp. 270–378). New York, NY: Wiley.
Pryor, A., Carpenter, C., & Townsend, M. (2005). Outdoor educations and bush adventure therapy: A socio-ecological approach to health and wellbeing. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 9(1), 3–13.
Pryor, A., Carpenter, C., & Townsend, M. (2005). Outdoor education and bush adventure therapy: A social-ecological approach to health and wellbeing. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 9(1), 3–13.
Rickwood, D., Van Dyke, N., & Telford, N. R. (2015). Innovation in youth mental health services in Australia: Common characteristics across the first headspace centres. Early intervention in psychiatry, 9(1), 29–37.
Ringer, M. (1999). Two vital aspects in the facilitation of groups: Connections and containment. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 4(1), 1–8.
Russell, K. C. (2000). Exploring how the wilderness therapy process relates to outcomes. Journal of Experiential Education, 23(3), 170–172.
Russell, K. C. (2001). What is wilderness therapy? Journal of Experiential Education, 24(2), 70–79.
Russell, K. C. (2003). An assessment of outcomes in outdoor behavioral healthcare treatment. Child and Youth Care Forum, 32(6), 335–381.
Russell, K. C. (2005). Two years later: A qualitative assessment of youth-well-being and the role of aftercare in outdoor behavioral healthcare treatment. Child and Youth Care Forum, 34(3), 209–239.
Russell, K. C. (2008). Adolescence substance use treatment: Service delivery, research on effectiveness, and emerging treatment alternatives. Journal of Groups in Addiction and Recovery, 2(2–4), 68–96.
Russell, K. C., & Gillis, H. L. (2010). Experiential therapy in the mental health treatment of adolescents. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 4(1), 47–79.
Russell, K. C., & Hendee, J. C. (2000). Outdoor behavioral healthcare: Definitions, common practice, expected outcomes, and a nationwide survery of programs. Retrieved from Moscow, Idaho: Idaho Forect, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station.
Selekman, M. D. (2005). Pathways to change: Brief therapy with difficult adolescents. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guildford Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Will Dobud MSW is currently the program director for a small adventure therapy organisation in South Australia providing adventure therapy programs and therapeutic services for adolescents and families across Australia. In 2015, Will was awarded with the Australian Postgraduate Award from Charles Sturt University towards the completion of his higher degree by research. Willis currently sitting as the South Australian Representative to the Australian Association for Bush Adventure Therapy, Inc. In addition to his work within adventure therapy, Will presents internationally about his work with children and adolescents.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dobud, W. Exploring adventure therapy as an early intervention for struggling adolescents. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 19, 33–41 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400985
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400985