Skip to main content

Handling Heavy Occlusion in Dense Crowd Tracking by Focusing on the Heads

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
AI 2023: Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI 2023)

Abstract

With the rapid development of deep learning, object detection and tracking play a vital role in today’s society. Being able to identify and track all the pedestrians in the dense crowd scene with computer vision approaches is a typical challenge in this field, also known as the Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) challenge. Modern trackers are required to operate on more and more complicated scenes. According to the MOT20 challenge result, the pedestrian is 4 times denser than the MOT17 challenge. Hence, improving the ability to detect and track in extremely crowded scenes is the aim of this work. In light of the occlusion issue with the human body, the heads are usually easier to identify. In this work, we have designed a joint head and body detector in an anchor-free style to boost the detection recall and precision performance of pedestrians in both small and medium sizes. Innovatively, our model does not require information on the statistical head-body ratio for common pedestrians detection for training. Instead, the proposed model learns the ratio dynamically. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, we evaluate the model with extensive experiments on different datasets, including MOT20, Crowdhuman, and HT21 datasets. As a result, our proposed method significantly improves both the recall and precision rate on small and medium sized pedestrians, and achieves state-of-the-art results in these challenging datasets.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bochkovskiy, A., Wang, C.Y., Liao, H.Y.M.: YOLOv4: optimal speed and accuracy of object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.10934 (2020)

  2. Chi, C., Zhang, S., Xing, J., Lei, Z., Li, S.Z., Zou, X.: PedHunter: occlusion robust pedestrian detector in crowded scenes. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 34, pp. 10639–10646 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chi, C., Zhang, S., Xing, J., Lei, Z., Li, S.Z., Zou, X.: Relational learning for joint head and human detection. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 34, pp. 10647–10654 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dendorfer, P., et al.: MOT20: a benchmark for multi object tracking in crowded scenes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.09003 (2020)

  5. Ge, Z., Liu, S., Li, Z., Yoshie, O., Sun, J.: OTA: optimal transport assignment for object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 303–312 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ge, Z., Liu, S., Wang, F., Li, Z., Sun, J.: YOLOX: exceeding YOLO series in 2021. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.08430 (2021)

  7. He, K., Gkioxari, G., Dollár, P., Girshick, R.: Mask R-CNN. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2961–2969 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Jocher, G.: ultralytics/YOLOv5: v3.1 - Bug Fixes and Performance Improvements (2020). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4154370. https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5

  9. Liang, C., Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Li, B., Zhu, S., Hu, W.: Rethinking the competition between detection and ReID in multiobject tracking. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 31, 3182–3196 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lin, T.Y., Dollár, P., Girshick, R., He, K., Hariharan, B., Belongie, S.: Feature pyramid networks for object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2117–2125 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Liu, W., et al.: SSD: single shot multibox detector. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) ECCV 2016. LNCS, vol. 9905, pp. 21–37. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46448-0_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Loshchilov, I., Hutter, F.: SGDR: stochastic gradient descent with warm restarts. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.03983 (2016)

  13. Lu, R., Ma, H., Wang, Y.: Semantic head enhanced pedestrian detection in a crowd. Neurocomputing 400, 343–351 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., Sun, J.: Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 28 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Stadler, D., Beyerer, J.: Modelling ambiguous assignments for multi-person tracking in crowds. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, pp. 133–142 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sun, P., et al.: TransTrack: multiple object tracking with transformer. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.15460 (2020)

  17. Sundararaman, R., De Almeida Braga, C., Marchand, E., Pettre, J.: Tracking pedestrian heads in dense crowd. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3865–3875 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Xu, Y., Ban, Y., Delorme, G., Gan, C., Rus, D., Alameda-Pineda, X.: TransCenter: transformers with dense queries for multiple-object tracking. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.15145 (2021)

  19. Yang, F., Chang, X., Sakti, S., Wu, Y., Nakamura, S.: ReMOT: a model-agnostic refinement for multiple object tracking. Image Vis. Comput. 106, 104091 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang, C., Li, H., Wang, X., Yang, X.: Cross-scene crowd counting via deep convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 833–841 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang, S., Chi, C., Yao, Y., Lei, Z., Li, S.Z.: Bridging the gap between anchor-based and anchor-free detection via adaptive training sample selection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 9759–9768 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang, Y., et al.: ByteTrack: multi-object tracking by associating every detection box. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.06864 (2021)

  23. Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Wang, X., Zeng, W., Liu, W.: FairMOT: on the fairness of detection and re-identification in multiple object tracking. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 129(11), 3069–3087 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang, Y., Zhou, D., Chen, S., Gao, S., Ma, Y.: Single-image crowd counting via multi-column convolutional neural network. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 589–597 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zheng, L., Tang, M., Chen, Y., Zhu, G., Wang, J., Lu, H.: Improving multiple object tracking with single object tracking. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2453–2462 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Zhou, C., Yuan, J.: Bi-box regression for pedestrian detection and occlusion estimation. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), pp. 135–151 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dong Yuan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Lai, Z., Zhang, Z., Yuan, D. (2024). Handling Heavy Occlusion in Dense Crowd Tracking by Focusing on the Heads. In: Liu, T., Webb, G., Yue, L., Wang, D. (eds) AI 2023: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. AI 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 14471. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8388-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8388-9_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-99-8387-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-99-8388-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics