Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Crystals

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Urine Formed Elements

  • 140 Accesses

Abstract

Many human metabolites are excreted in urine. The salt is one of the renal metabolites in the urine. As the concentration of certain salts increases, exceeding the solubility of the solute, crystals of a specific structure may form under a certain condition of pH and temperature, which are referred to urinary crystals [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Miller NL, Evan AP, Lingeman JE. Pathogenesis of renal calculi. Urol Clin North Am. 2007;34(3):295–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Caleffi A, Lippi G. Cylindruria. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53(s2):s1471–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol. 2010;12(2–3):e86–96.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Deng Q, Liang H. Recent advances on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation. Int J Mol Med. 2021;48(2):1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Daudon M, Frochot V, Bazin D, Jungers P. Crystalluria analysis improves significantly etiologic diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of nephrolithiasis. C R Chim. 2016;19(11–12):1514–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Clark B, Baqdunes MW, Kunkel GM. Diet-induced oxalate nephropathy. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(9):e231284.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Efe O, Verma A, Waikar SS. Urinary oxalate as a potential mediator of kidney disease in diabetes mellitus and obesity. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2019;28(4):316–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Ng G, Chau EM, Shi Y. Recent developments in immune activation by uric acid crystals. Arch Immunol Ther Exp. 2010;58:273–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Shirasu A, Ashida A, Matsumura H, Nakakura H, Tamai H. Clinical characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis with urinary crystals. Pediatr Int. 2015;57(5):917–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Trinchieri A, Montanari E. Biochemical and dietary factors of uric acid stone formation. Urolithiasis. 2018;46:167–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Trinchieri A, Montanari E. Prevalence of renal uric acid stones in the adult. Urolithiasis. 2017;45:553–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Martillo MA, Nazzal L, Crittenden DB. The crystallization of monosodium urate. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;16(2):400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Shi Y, Mucsi AD, Ng G. Monosodium urate crystals in inflammation and immunity. Immunol Rev. 2010;233(1):203–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fogazzi G. Crystalluria: a neglected aspect of urinary sediment analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(2):379–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Behan KJ, Johnston MA. Protocols to dissolve amorphous urate crystals in urine. Lab Med. 2022;53(3):e63–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lee AJ, Yoo EH, Bae YC, Jung SB, Jeon CH. Differential identification of urine crystals with morphologic characteristics and solubility test. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36(11):e24707.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Dick WH, Lingeman JE, Preminger GM, Smith LH, Wilson DM, Shirrell WL. Laxative abuse as a cause for ammonium urate renal calculi. J Urol. 1990;143(2):244–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pak CY, Poindexter JR, Adams-Huet B, Pearle MS. Predictive value of kidney stone composition in the detection of metabolic abnormalities. Am J Med. 2003;115(1):26–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Strasinger SK, Di Lorenzo MS. Urinalysis and body fluids. FA Davis; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rosenstein IJ, Hamilton-Miller JM, Brumfitt W. Role of urease in the formation of infection stones: comparison of ureases from different sources. Infect Immun. 1981;32(1):32–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Brunzel NA. Fundamentals of urine and body fluid analysis. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Griffith DP. Struvite stones. Kidney Int. 1978;13(5):372–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Daudon M, Doré J-C, Jungers P, Lacour B. Changes in stone composition according to age and gender of patients: a multivariate epidemiological approach. Urol Res. 2004;32(3):241–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fogazzi G, Anderlini R, Canovi S, Covarelli C, Gras J, Kučera J, Fusarini CF. “Daisy-like” crystals: a rare and unknown type of urinary crystal. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;471:154–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Frochot V, Castiglione V, Lucas IT, Haymann J-P, Letavernier E, Bazin D, Daudon M. Advances in the identification of calcium carbonate urinary crystals. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;515:1–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Basu D, Solo S, Nilkund J. Bilirubin crystals in peripheral blood neutrophils in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Br J Haematol. 2005;131(2):141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ridley JW. Fundamentals of the study of urine and body fluids. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2018.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  28. Ahmed K, Dasgupta P, Khan MS. Cystine calculi: challenging group of stones. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82(974):799–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Mattoo A, Goldfarb DS. Cystinuria. Semin Nephrol. 2008;28(2):181–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Trivedi DJ, Patil VP, Kamble PS. CYSTINURIA: crystals that make a baby cry. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2017;32:364–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Baumer Y, McCurdy SG, Boisvert WA. Formation and cellular impact of cholesterol crystals in health and disease. Adv Biol. 2021;5(11):2100638.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Torous VF, Dodd LG, McIntire PJ, Jiang XS. Crystals and crystalloids in cytopathology: incidence and importance. Cancer Cytopathol. 2022;130(10):759–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Perazella MA. The urine sediment as a biomarker of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(5):748–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hentzien M, Lambert D, Limelette A, N’Guyen Y, Robbins A, Lebrun D, Jaussaud R, Bani-Sadr F. Macroscopic amoxicillin crystalluria. Lancet. 2015;385(9984):2296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Thammavaranucupt K, Spanuchart I. Sulfonamide crystals. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):1053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Shrishrimal K, Wesson J. Sulfamethoxazole crystalluria. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(3):492–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Mason WJ, Nickols HH. Crystalluria from acyclovir use. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(13):e14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Lizhi Yan & Junjie Huang

  2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China

    Jiancheng Xu

  3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Xinhe Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, China

    Aijun Duan

  4. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Yonghui Guo

  5. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China

    Hong Kong

  6. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangkou County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangkou, Guizhou, China

    Jinlong Yao

  7. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Huixian Luo

  8. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China

    Zhiliang Cai

Authors
  1. Lizhi Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jiancheng Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aijun Duan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yonghui Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hong Kong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jinlong Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Junjie Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Huixian Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Zhiliang Cai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Lei Zheng

  2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Lizhi Yan

  3. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Shimin Zhang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yan, L. et al. (2024). Crystals. In: Zheng, L., Yan, L., Zhang, S. (eds) Urine Formed Elements. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7739-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7739-0_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-99-7738-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-99-7739-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation