Abstract
In this research, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model and Gated Recurrent Unit Model (GRU) have been applied to the open-source HighD dataset to check the trajectory prediction of surrounding vehicles. The LSTM model has given better results as compared to the GRU model with an accuracy of 86%. The Mean Square Error (MSE) method is used to understand the learning effect of the models. Prediction errors were calculated and measured in the longitudinal direction to get the accuracy of the learning models in more detail. If the vehicle will change its path or lane in the longitudinal direction then will get the trajectory of that vehicle.
This research work is supported and funded by REVA Technologies, Navi Mumbai, India. https://revatech-ai.com.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lefevre, Vasquez D, Laugier C (2014) A survey on motion prediction and risk assessment for intelligent vehicles. Robomech J 1(1):1
Deo N, Trivedi MM (2018) Multi-modal trajectory prediction of surrounding vehicles with maneuver based LSTMs. Proc IEEE Intell Veh Symp (IV), pp 1179–1184
Deo N, Rangesh A, Trivedi MM (2018) How would surround vehicles move? A unified framework for maneuver classification and motion prediction. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 3(2):129–140 Jun
Fujii R, Vongkulbhisal J, Hachiuma R, Saito H (2021) A two-block RNN-based trajectory prediction from incomplete trajectory. IEEE Access 9:56140–56151
Li L, Zhao W, Xu C, Wang C, Chen Q, Dai S (2021) LaneChange intention inference based on RNN for autonomous driving on highways. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 70(6):5499–5510
Altche F, de La Fortelle A (2017) An LSTM network for highway trajectory prediction. In: 2017 IEEE 20th international conference on intelligent transportation systems (ITSC), 2017, pp 353–359
Zhang N, Zhang N, Zheng Q et al (2022) Real-time prediction of shield moving trajectory during tunnelling using GRU deep neural network. Acta Geotech 17:1167–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01319-1
Shih C-S, Huang P-W, Yen E-T, Tsung P-K (2019) Vehicle speed prediction with RNN and attention model under multiple scenarios. In: IEEE Intelligent transportation systems conference (ITSC). Auckland, New Zealand 2019, pp 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917479
Colyar J, Halkias J (2007) US highway 101 dataset. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Tech. Rep. FHWA-HRT-07-030
Colyar J, Halkias J (2007) US highway 80 dataset. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Tech. Rep. FHWA-HRT-07-030
Deo N, Trivedi MM (2017) Learning and predicting on-road pedestrian behavior around vehicles. In: 2017 IEEE 20th International conference on intelligent transportation systems
Messaoud K, Deo N, Trivedi MM, Nashashibi F (2020) Multi-head attention with joint agent-map representation for trajectory prediction in autonomous driving. arXiv:2005.02545
Boulton FA, Grigore EC, Wolff EM (2020) Motion prediction using trajectory sets and self-driving domain knowledge. arXiv:2006.04767
Dai S, Li L, Li Z (2019) Modeling vehicle interactions via modified LSTM models for trajectory prediction. IEEE Access 7:38287–38296. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2907000
Greer R, Deo N, Trivedi M (2021) Trajectory prediction in autonomous driving with a lane heading auxiliary loss. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 3
Qin X, Li Z, Zhang K, Mao F, Jin X (2023) Vehicle trajectory prediction via urban network modeling. Sensors 23:4893. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104893
Boulton FA, Grigore EC, Wolff EM (2020) Motion prediction using trajectory sets and self-driving domain knowledge. arXiv:2006.04767
Ridel D, Rehder E, Lauer M, Stiller C, Wolf D (2018) A literature review on the prediction of pedestrian behavior in urban scenarios. Proc IEEE 21st Int Conf Intell Transp Syst, pp 3105–3112
He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2015) Deep residual learning for image recognition. CoRR. abs/1512.03385
He Y, Jiang J (2021) Review of situation cognition-taking trajectory prediction as an example. IEEE Int Conf Unmanned Syst (ICUS) 2021:703–709. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUS52573.2021.9641431
Messaoud K, Yahiaoui I, Verroust-Blondet A, Nashashibi F (2021) Attention based vehicle trajectory prediction. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 6(1):175–185. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2020.2991952. March
Wang C, Ma L, Li R, Durrani TS, Zhang H (2019) Exploring trajectory prediction through machine learning methods. IEEE Access 7:101441–101452. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2929430
Bhujel N, Teoh EK, Yau W-Y (2019) Pedestrian trajectory prediction using RNN encoder-decoder with spatio-temporal attentions. In: 2019 IEEE 5th International conference on mechatronics system and robots (ICMSR), Singapore, 2019, pp 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSR.2019.8835478
Gomez-Gonzalez S, Prokudin S, Scholkopf B, Peters J (2020) Real time trajectory prediction using deep conditional generative models. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 5(2):970–976. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2020.2966390. April
Li Z, Du X, Cao Y (2020) DAT-RNN: trajectory prediction with diverse attention. In: 2020 19th IEEE International conference on machine learning and applications (ICMLA), 2020, Miami, FL, USA, pp 1512–1518. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLA51294.2020.00233
Houenou A, Bonnifait P, Cherfaoui V, Yao W (2013) Vehicle trajectory prediction based on motion model and maneuver recognition. IEEE/RSJ Int Conf Intell Robots Syst 2013:4363–4369. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2013.6696982
Lefkopoulos V, Menner M, Domahidi A, Zeilinger MN (2021) Interaction-aware motion prediction for autonomous driving: a multiple model Kalman filtering scheme. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 6(1):80–87. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2020.3032079. Jan
Wang J, Wang P, Zhang C, Su K, Li J (2021) F-Net: fusion neural network for vehicle trajectory prediction in autonomous driving. In: ICASSP 2021—2021 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), 2021, Toronto, ON, Canada, pp 4095–4099. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP39728.2021.9413881
Guan H, Guo P (2023) Research on pedestrian trajectory prediction by GAN model based on LSTM. In: 2023 IEEE 3rd International conference on power, electronics and computer applications (ICPECA), 2023, Shenyang, China, pp 1400–1405. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPECA56706.2023.10076086
Dai S, Li L, Li Z (2019) Modeling vehicle interactions via modified LSTM models for trajectory prediction. IEEE Access 7:38287–38296. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2907000
Dai S, Li L, Li Z (2019) Modeling vehicle interactions via modified LSTM models for trajectory prediction. IEEE Access 7:38287–38296. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2907000
Becker S, Hug R, Huebner W, Arens M, Morris BT (2022) Generating versatile training samples for UAV trajectory prediction. In: Communications in computer and information science, vol 1667. Springer, pp 1–11
Zhu Y, Liu J, Guo C, Song P, Zhang J, Zhu J (2020) Prediction of battlefield target trajectory based on LSTM. In: 2020 IEEE 16th International conference on control & automation (ICCA), 2020, Singapore, pp 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCA51439.2020.9264521
Bahra N, Pierre S (2020) RNN-based user trajectory prediction using a preprocessed dataset. In: 2020 16th International conference on wireless and mobile computing, networking and communications (WiMob), Thessaloniki, Greece, 2020, pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMob50308.2020.9253403
Jia Y, Cai C, Görges D (2020) An LSTM-based speed predictor based on traffic simulation data for improving the performance of energy-optimal adaptive cruise control. In: 2020 IEEE 23rd international conference on intelligent transportation systems (ITSC), Rhodes, Greece, 2020, pp 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294285
Tsao L-W, Wang Y-K, Lin H-S, Shuai H-H, Wong L-K, Cheng W-H (2022) Social-SSL: self-supervised cross-sequence representation learning based on transformers for multi-agent trajectory prediction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13682. Presented at the conference
Krajewski R, Bock J, Kloeker L, Eckstein L (2018) The highD dataset: a drone dataset of naturalistic vehicle trajectories on German highways for validation of highly automated driving systems. In: 2018 21st International conference on intelligent transportation systems (ITSC), Maui, HI, USA, 2018, pp 2118–2125. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569552
Acknowledgements
This research work is supported and funded by REVA Technologies, Mumbai, India under its research and development center.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ratre, S.U., Joshi, B. (2024). Analysis of Deep Learning Model for Trajectory Prediction of Vehicle. In: Shrivastava, V., Bansal, J.C., Panigrahi, B.K. (eds) Power Engineering and Intelligent Systems. PEIS 2023. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 1098. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7383-5_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7383-5_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-7382-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-7383-5
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)