Skip to main content

The Spanish Far Right’s Use of TikTok: The Case of Vox in the 2022 Regional Andalusian Election Campaign

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fast Politics

Abstract

The new communication paradigm brought about by digitisation (Scolari, New Media Soc 11:943–964, 2009) is based on a multitude of structures, formats, and narratives characterising the current media ecology that has led to options for new audiences in which to participate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Pedro Sánchez has held the office of prime minister in Spain since 2018. He joined the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) in 1993, that supported him as its prime ministerial candidate.

References

  • Aladro Vico, E., & Requeijo Rey, P. (2020). Vox political party discourse, strategies and interactions on its official Instagram account during the A-28 elections: Radical right and social networks. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 77, 203–229. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1455 (in Spanish).

  • Amado, A., & Tarullo, R. (2015). Social media in political communication: One-way or conversational communication? Contratexto, 24, 97–111. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12724/1836 (in Spanish).

  • Arjona-Martín, J. B., Méndiz-Noguero, A., & Victoria-Mas, J. S. (2020). Virality as a paradigm of digital communication: Review of the concept and update of the theoretical framework. Profesional de la información, 29(6). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.07

  • Arroyo, M. (2020). The cause of electoral support for Vox in Spain. Política y Sociedad, 57(3), 693–717. https://doi.org/10.5209/poso.69206(inSpanish)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballesteros Herencia, C. (2020). The digital spread of the coronavirus: Measuring engagement of entertainment on the emerging social network TikTok. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud, 1, 171–185. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2020.5459 (in Spanish).

  • Barta, S., Belanche, D., Fernández, A., & Flavián, M. (2022). Influencer marketing on TikTok: The effectiveness of humor and followers’ hedonic experience. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 70, 103–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellotti, E. (2015). Qualitative networks: Mixed methods in sociological research. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlanga Fernández, I., & Ortiz de Barrón Alloza, Í. (2021). Digital semiotics and political communication: The take-off and rise of Vox. Doxa Comunicación, 33, 53–74. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n33a929 (in Spanish).

  • Berrocal-Gonzalo, S., Campos-Domínguez, E., & Redondo-García, M. (2014). Media prosumers in political communication: Politainment on YouTube. Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación, 22(43), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.3916/C43-2014-06 (in Spanish).

  • Carratalá, A., & Galán, M. (2016). Twitter communication strategies of Spanish municipalities governed by citizen platforms. Revista F@ro, 2(24), 126–150. http://www.revistafaro.cl/index.php/Faro/article/view/481 (in Spanish).

  • Castro-Higueras, A., Torres-Martín, J. L., Carballeda-Camacho, M. R., & De Aguilera-Moyano, M. (2021). Communication, health and Covid-19: How Spanish health instagrammers communicate. Ámbitos: Revista internacional de comunicación, 53, 42–62. https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2021.i53.03 (in Spanish).

  • Castro-Martínez, A., & Díaz-Morilla, P. (2021). The political communication of the right-wing radicals on social networks: From Instagram to TikTok and Gab, Vox’s digital strategy. Dígitos. Revista de Comunicación Digital, 7, 67–89. https://doi.org/10.7203/rd.v1i7.210(inSpanish)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Martínez, A., Morán-Urdiales, I., & Díaz-Morilla, P. (2021). Institutional crisis communication and social networks in the Covid-19: The cases of Yunquera and Gaucín. Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicación, 52, 102–123. https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2021.i52.07 (in Spanish).

  • Chen, T. (2022). The use of social networks as marketing tools and its impact on online shopping among university students in the Chinese city of Nanjing, 2020. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 80, 388–400. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2022-1740(inSpanish)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, S. C., Deng, T., & Mundel, J. (2022). The impact of personalization on viral behavior intentions on TikTok: The role of perceived creativity, authenticity, and need for uniqueness. Journal of Marketing Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2022.2098364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comorera, J. (2017). Preface. In: A. Chaves-Montero (Ed.). Communication, politics and social media. Egregius. (in Spanish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Curran, J. (2005). Rethinking the media as a public sphere. In: P. Dahlgren & C. Sparks. Communication and citizenship: Journalism and the public sphere (pp. 27–57). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, P. (2018). Public sphere participation online: The ambiguities of affect. Les Enjeux de l’information et de la communication, 19(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.3917/enic.024.0005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darvin, R. (2022). Design, resistance and the performance of identity on TikTok. Discourse, Context & Media, 46, 100591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2022.100591.

  • de Aguilera, M., & Casero, A. (2018). Technologies for transformation? Social media before political and social change. Icono 14, 16(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v16i1.1162 (in Spanish).

  • Dhaoui, C., & Webster, C. M. (2021). Brand and consumer engagement behaviors on Facebook brand pages: Let’s have a (positive) conversation. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 38(1), 155–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.06.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durmus, K. (2021). The impact of cyber culture on new media consumers. In: S. David, R. S. Anand, V. Jeyakrishnan & M. Niranjanamurthy. Security issues and privacy concerns in industry 4.0 applications (pp. 229–247). Scrivener Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119776529.ch12.

  • Dwivedi, A., Johnson, L. W., Wilkie, D. C., & de Araujo-Gil, L. (2019). Consumer emotional brand attachment with social media brands and social media brand equity. European Journal of Marketing, 53(6), 1176–1204. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-09-2016-0511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2017). Populism and social media: How politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 20(8), 1109–1126. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697.

  • Fernández-de-Arroyabe-Olaortua, A., Lazkano-Arrillaga, I., & Eguskiza-Sesumaga, L. (2018). Digital natives: Online audiovisual content consumption, creation and dissemination. Comunicar, 57, 61–69. https://doi.org/10.3916/C57-2018-06.

  • García, F. (2019). The new policy as advertisers in the Spanish right: Vox and the elections of 2018 and 2019. Redmarka. Revista de Marketing Aplicado, 23(3), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.17979/redma.2019.23.3.5867 (in Spanish).

  • Garnham, N. (2020). The media and the public sphere. In W. R. Blom, E. Karvonen, H. Melin, K. Nordenstreng, E. Puoskari, F. Webster, & P. F. Webster (Eds.), The information society reader (pp. 357–365). Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Guarda, T., Augusto, M. F., Victor, J. A., Mazón, L. M., Lopes, I., & Oliveira, P. (2021). The impact of TikTok on digital marketing. In: Á. Rocha, J. L. Reis, M. K. Peter, R. Cayolla, S. Loureiro & Z. Bogdanović. (Eds.). Marketing and smart technologies: Smart innovation, systems and technologies, 205 (pp. 35–44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4183-8_4.

  • Guinaudeau, B., Vottax, F., & Munger, K. (2020). Fifteen seconds of fame: TikTok and the democratization of mobile video on social media. Unpublished paper. https://osf.io/f7ehq/download.

  • Harrigan, P., Evers, U., Miles, M. P., & Daly, T. (2018). Customer engagement and the relationship between involvement, engagement, self-brand connection and brand usage intent. Journal of Business Research, 88, 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.11.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de la Junta de Andalucía. (2022). Municipal register of inhabitants: Official figures of the local population. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/badea/operaciones/consulta/anual/6675?CodOper=b3_128&codConsulta=6675. (in Spanish).

  • Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media: Creating value and meaning in a networked culture. NYU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., Kang, S., & Lee, K. H. (2021). Evolution of digital marketing communication: Bibliometric analysis and network visualization from key articles. Journal of Business Research, 130, 552–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knobel, M., & Lankshear, C. (2007). Online memes, affinities, and cultural production. In: M. Knobel & C. Lankshear. (Eds.). A new literacies sampler (pp. 199–227). Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreiss, D., & McGregor, S. C. (2018). Technology firms shape political communication: The work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google with campaigns during the 2016 US presidential cycle. Political Communication, 35(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1364814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lalancette, M., & Raynauld, V. (2019). The power of political image: Justin Trudeau, Instagram, and celebrity politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(7), 888–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217744838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebhart, K., & Bernhardt, P. (2017). Political storytelling on Instagram: Key aspects of Alexander Van der Bellen’s successful 2016 presidential election campaign. Media and Communication, 5(4), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v5i4.1062.

  • Marcos García, S. (2018). Social networks as a tool of political commnication: Political and citizens uses of Twitter and Instagram. [Doctoral Dissertation, Universitat Jaume I]. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=162665. (in Spanish).

  • Martín Cubas, J., Soria-Olivas, E., Llosa Guillén, Á., & Buendía Ramón, V. (2020). Spanish political parties’ agenda building on social networks: A big data analysis. Revista Dígitos, 1(6), 253–274. https://doi.org/10.7203/rd.v1i6.165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínek, P. A. (2021). Mapping methods of research on consumer engagement with brands on social media: A literature review. Methodological Innovations, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799120985384.

  • Masip, P., Ruiz-Caballero, C., & Suau, J. (2019). Active audiences and social discussion on the digital public sphere. Review article. El Profesional de la Información, 28(2), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.mar.04.

  • McGorry, S., & McGorry, M. (2017). Who are the centennials: Marketing implications of social media use and preferences. Proceedings of the American Marketing Association, 179–180. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1194&context=ama_proceedings.

  • Min Baek, Y. (2015). Political mobilization through social network sites: The mobilizing power of political messages received from SNS friends. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nulty, P., Theocharis, Y., Popa, S. A., Parnet, O., & Benoit, K. (2016). Social media and political communication in the 2014 elections to the European Parliament. Electoral Studies, 44, 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.04.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orejuela, S. (2009). Political personalizing: The politician’s image as electoral strategy. Revista de Comunicación, 8(61), 60–84. http://udep.edu.pe/comunicacion/rcom/pdf/2009/Art060-83.pdf. (in Spanish).

  • Puro Marketing. (2022, March 29). Almost 40% of TikTok users are over 30 years old. Puro Marketing. https://www.puromarketing.com/149/36176/casi-usuarios-tiktok-tienen-anos (in Spanish).

  • Qasem, Z. (2021). The effect of positive TRI traits on centennials adoption of try-on technology in the context of E-fashion retailing. International Journal of Information Management, 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102254.

  • Rach, M. (2021). The influence of brands and platform mechanics on creator’ content sovereignty on TikTok. In: F. J. Martínez-López & D. López López (Eds.). Advances in digital marketing and ecommerce. DMEC 2021. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. (pp. 35–42). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76520-0_4.

  • Rodrigues, U. (2020). Political communication on social media platforms. In A. Athique & V. Parthasarathi (Eds.), Platform capitalism in India (pp. 221–238). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rúas, X. R., & Casero, A. (2018). Political communication in the age of social media: The old, and the new, and beyond. adComunica, 21–24. https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2018.16.2. (in Spanish).

  • Sampietro, A., & Sánchez-Castillo, S. (2020). Building a political image on Instagram: A study of the personal profile of Santiago Abascal (Vox) in 2018. Communication & Society, 33(1), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.33.1.169-184.

  • Sánchez-Amboage, E., Toural-Bran, C., Membiela-Pollán, M., & Crespo-Pereira, V. (2022). Short video content in the brand strategy: Analysis of the use of TikTok by the Prado Museum. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 13(1), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.20836. (in Spanish).

  • Sánchez-Cobarro, P. H., Molina-Castillo, F. J., & Alcazar-Caceres, C. (2020). The brand-generated content interaction of Instagram stories and publications: A comparison between retailers and manufacturers. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16030031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos, Z. R., Cheung, C. M., Coelho, P. S., & Rita, P. (2022). Consumer engagement in social media brand communities: A literature review. International Journal of Information Management, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102457.

  • Saz, I. (2003). Spain against Spain: the Francoist nationalisms. Marcial Pons Historia. (in Spanish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scolari, C. A. (2009). Mapping conversations about new media: The theoretical field of digital communication. New Media & Society, 11(6), 943–964. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809336513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano-Oceja, F., Gonzálvez-Valles, J. E., & Viñarás-Abad, M. (2019). Management of social networks in political communication and their influence in the press. Index.comunicación, 9(1), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.33732/ixc/09/01Lagest (in Spanish).

  • Sidorenko, P., Herranz de la Casa, J. M., & Moya, A.S. (2021). Communication analysis of European and North American companies on TikTok. ADResearch ESIC. 25(25), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.7263/adresic-025-06. (in Spanish).

  • Sierra, J., & Lavín, J. M. (Eds.) (2019). Social networks, digital technologies and interactive narratives in the information society. McGraw-Hill Interamericana España. (in Spanish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Martín, J. L., & Villena, E. (2020). Uses and resources of TikTok as a communication tool. In: J. Herrero, J. Segarra & T. Hidalgo (Eds.). Audiovisual narrative: From concept to media literacy (pp. 259–269). Fragua. (in Spanish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, F. (2021). At the roots of digital utopia: From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, an influential man. C & F Éditions. (in French).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vesnic-Alujevic, L. (2012). Political participation and web 2.0 in Europe: A case study of Facebook. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 466–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.01.010.

  • Vizcaíno-Verdú, A., & Aguaded, I. (2022). #ThisIsMeChallenge and music for empowerment of marginalized groups on TikTok. Media and Communication, 10(1), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i1.4715.

  • We Are Social & Hootsuite. (2022). Digital 2022 April global statshot report. https://wearesocial.com/es/blog/2022/01/digital-2022/.

  • Yuan, L., Xia, H., & Ye, Q. (2022). The effect of advertising strategies on a short video platform: Evidence from TikTok. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 122(8), 1956–1974. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-12-2021-0754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, J., Schäfer, M. S., & Allgaier, J. (2020). Reposting “till Albert Einstein is TikTok famous”: The memetic construction of science on TikTok. International Journal of Communication, 15, 3216–3247. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-205429

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea Castro-Martínez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Castro-Martínez, A., Torres-Martín, J.L., Díaz-Morilla, P. (2023). The Spanish Far Right’s Use of TikTok: The Case of Vox in the 2022 Regional Andalusian Election Campaign. In: Pérez Rastrilla, L., Sapag M., P., Recio García, A. (eds) Fast Politics. The Language of Politics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5110-9_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics