Abstract
This chapter provides an operational definition of civilizational populism. It examines how populists incorporate and instrumentalize notions of “civilization” into their discourses. It first discusses the literature on civilizational populism and shows how it has largely been described as a European and North American phenomenon. It then examines civilizational populism in three key non-Western nations representing three of the world’s major faiths: Turkey, India, and Myanmar. Finally, the chapter defines civilizational populism as a group of ideas that together considers that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people, and society to be ultimately separated into two homogenous and antagonistic groups, “the pure people” versus “the corrupt elite” who collaborate with the dangerous others belonging to other civilizations that are hostile and present a clear and present danger to the civilization and way of life of the pure people.
This chapter is a revised version of previously published Open Access material in the following article: Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Nicholas Morieson. 2022. “Civilizational Populism: Definition, Literature, Theory, and Practice.” Religions 13, no. 11: 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13111026.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ádám, Zoltán, and András Bozóki. 2016. “The God of Hungarians” in Saving the People: How Populists Hijack Religion, ed. Nadia Marzouki, Duncan McDonnell, and Olivier Roy. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Al Jazeera. 2022. Myanmar’s Military Turns to Buddhism in Bid for Legitimacy. Available online: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/30/myanmars-military-turns-to-buddhism-in-bid-for-legitimacy. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Ammassari, Sofia. 2018. Contemporary Populism in India: Assessing the Bharatiya Janata Party’s Ideological Features. Students Papers Series 48. Barcelona: Institut Barcelona D’estudis Internacionals IBEI. Available online: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Contemporary-populism-in-India-%3A-assessing-the-Ammassari/70aebdce34835d6920b5cb28ad7c740572936efd.
Amnesty International. 2021. INDIA 2020. Available online: https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/india/report-india/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Andersen, Walter, and D. Sidhar Damle. 2019. ‘RSS Is Family’ and What to Do with Non-Hindus: An RSS Trainee’s Camp Notebook. The Print, June 22. Available online: https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/rss-is-family-and-what-to-do-with-non-hindus-an-rss-trainees-camp-notebook/253136/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Apahideanu, Ionuț. 2014. Religious Populism: The Coup de Grâce to Secularisation Theories. South-East European Journal of Political Science 2: 71.
Artinger, Brenna, and Michael Rowand. 2021. When Buddhists Back the Army. Foreign Policy, February 16. Available online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/16/myanmar-rohingya-coup-buddhists-protest/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Asthana, Nirmal Chandra. 2021. For India’s Sake, Stop Destroying Communal Harmony with the Bogey of Love Jihad. The Wire, July 17. Available online: https://thewire.in/communalism/for-indias-sake-stop-destroying-communal-harmony-with-the-bogey-of-love-jihad. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Aung-Thwin, Maureen, and Thant Myint-U. 1992. The Burmese Ways to Socialism. Third World Quarterly 13: 67–75. Available online: www.jstor.org/stable/3992410. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Bapu, Prabhu. 2013. Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History. New York: Routledge.
Barton, Greg, Ihsan Yilmaz, and Nicholas Morieson. 2021. Religious and Pro-Violence Populism in Indonesia: The Rise and Fall of a Far-Right Islamist Civilisationist Movement. Religions 12: 397. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060397.
BBC. 2018. How Aung San Suu Kyi Sees the Rohingya Crisis, January 25. Available online: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-42824778. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Belnap, Jeffret, and Raul Fernandez. 1998. José Martí’s “Our America”: From National to Hemispheric Cultural Studies. United Kingdom: Duke University Press.
Biver, Emilie. 2014. Religious Nationalism: Myanmar and the Role of Buddhism in Anti-Muslim Narratives. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268153592_Religious_nationalism_Myanmar_and_the_role_of_Buddhism_in_anti-Muslim_narratives. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Blackburn, Matthew. 2021. The Persistence of the Civic–Ethnic Binary: Competing Visions of the Nation and Civilization in Western, Central and Eastern Europe. National Identities. AHEAD-OF-PRINT, Published online November 26, 2021, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2021.2006169.
Bookbinder, Alex. 2013. 969: The Strange Numerological Basis for Burma’s Religious Violence. The Atlantic, April 9. Available online: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/969-the-strange-numerological-basis-for-burmas-religious-violence/274816/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2016. A New ‘Christianist’ Secularism in Europe. The Immanent Frame. Available online: https://tif.ssrc.org/2016/10/11/a-new-christianist-secularism-in-europe/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2017. Between Nationalism and Civilizationism: The European Populist Moment in Comparative Perspective. Ethnic and Racial Studies 40: 1191–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1294700.
Carothers, Thomas, and Andrew O’Donohue. 2020. Political Polarization in South and Southeast Asia: Old Divisions, New Dangers. Research Report by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://doi.org/10.2307/resrep26920.
Carroll, Joshua. 2015. Buddhist Monks in Myanmar Celebrate Repressive Laws. Al-Jazeera, September 23. Available online: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/09/buddhist-monks-myanmar-celebrate-repressive-laws-150922111750765.html. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Chakrabortty, Aditya. 2014. Narendra Modi, a Man with a Massacre on His Hands, Is Not the Reasonable Choice for India. The Guardian, April 7. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/07/narendra-modi-massacre-next-prime-minister-india. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Chatterjee, Shibashis, and Udayan Das. 2023. India’s Civilizational Arguments in South Asia: From Nehruvianism to Hindutva. International Affairs 99 (2): 475–494. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad020.
Chatterji, P. Angana., Thomas Blom Hansen, and Christophe Jaffrelot. 2020. Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Columbo Telegraph. 2014. Full Text: Wirathu and Gnanasara Sign Agreement. Available online: https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/full-text-wirathu-and-gnanasara-sign-agreement/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Cook, Steven A. 2021. Erdogan Has Never Been in This Much Trouble. Foreign Policy, November 24. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/11/24/erdogan-has-never-been-in-this-much-trouble/. Accessed 20 Apr 2023.
Csmonitor. 2013. Hugo Chavez Legacy: A Wedge Between US, Latin America. The Christian Science Monitor. Available Online: https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2013/0305/Hugo-Chavez-legacy-a-wedge-between-US-Latin-America. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Daily Sabah. 2022. Erdoğan Inaugurates Islamic Civilizations Museum in Istanbul. Available online: https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/istanbul/erdogan-inaugurates-islamic-civilizations-museum-in-istanbul. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Danforth, Nicholas. 2008. Ideology and Pragmatism in Turkish Foreign Policy: From Atatürk to the AKP. Turkish Policy Quarterly 7 (3): 83–95.
de la Torre, Carlos. 2007. The Resurgence of Radical Populism in Latin America. Constellations 14: 384–397. Available online: https://flacsoandes.edu.ec/sites/default/files/agora/files/1215098051.carlos_de_la_torre_1_0.pdf. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
De Sá Guimarães, Feliciano, and Irma Dutra De Oliveira E. Silva. 2021. Far-Right Populism and Foreign Policy Identity: Jair Bolsonaro’s Ultra-Conservatism and the New Politics of Alignment. International Affairs 97: 345–363.
Destradi, Sandra, and Johannes Plagemann. 2019. Populism and International Relations: (Un)predictability, Personalisation, and the Reinforcement of Existing Trends in World Politics. Review of International Studies 45: 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210519000184.
Destradi, Sandra, Johannes Plagemann, and Hakkı Taş. 2022. Populism and the Politicisation of Foreign Policy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24: 475–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481221075944.
Devare, Aparna. 2013. History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self. New Delhi: Taylor & Francis.
Egreteau, Renaud, and François Robinne (eds.). 2016. Metamorphosis: Studies in Social and Political Change in Myanmar. Singapore: NUS Press.
Ellis-Petersen, Hannah. 2019. Myanmar Police Hunt ‘Buddhist bin Laden’ Over Suu Kyi Comments. The Guardian, May 29. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/29/myanmar-police-hunt-buddhist-bin-laden-over-suu-kyi-comments. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Ellner, Steve. 2012. The Distinguishing Features of Latin America’s New Left in Power: The Chávez, Morales, and Correa Governments. Latin American Perspectives 39: 96–114. Available online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23238970. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip. 2017. We Should Set New Cultural Goals for Ourselves in Accordance with the 2023 Vision, March 3. In Themenportal Europäische Geschichte, 2021. Available online: www.europa.clio-online.de/quelle/id/q63-75001. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Feltran, Gabriel. 2020. Centripetal Force: A Totalitarian Movement in Contemporary Brazil: What Are the Foundations of the Mass Movement That Has Been Driving Bolsonaro Forward? Soundings 75: 95–110.
Filkins, Dexter. 2019. Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi’s India. The New Yorker, December 2. Available online: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Flood, Gavin. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Frydenlund, Iselin. 2018. Buddhist Islamophobia: Actors, Tropes, Contexts. In Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004382022_014.
Fuller, Paul. 2018. The Narratives of Ethnocentric Buddhist Identity. Available online: http://jbasr.com/ojs/index.php/jbasr/article/view/25. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Garcia, Raphael Tsavkko. 2020. Is Brazil Becoming an Evangelical Theocracy? Sojourners. Available online: https://sojo.net/articles/brazil-becoming-evangelical-theocracy. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Ghosh, Deepshikha. 2013. Narendra Modi’s ‘Hindu Nationalist’ Posters Should Be Banned, Says Samajwadi Party. NDTV, July 24. Available online: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-modis-hindu-nationalist-posters-should-be-banned-says-samajwadi-party-529359. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Gidron, Noam, and Bart Bonikowski. 2013. Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda. Weatherhead Working Paper Series. Avabilable Online: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/gidron_bonikowski_populismlitreview_2013.pdf. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Gondhalekar, Nandini, and Sanjoy Bhattacharya. 1999. The All India Hindu Mahasabha and the End of British Rule in India, 1939–1947. Social Scientist 27: 48–74. Available online: www.jstor.org/stable/3518013. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Gotev, Georgi. 2016. Erdogan Says Coup Was ‘Gift from God’ to Reshape Country, Punish Enemies. Euractiv. Available online: https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/erdogan-says-coup-was-gift-from-god-to-re-shape-country-punish-enemies/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Haberman, Maggie. 2016. Donald Trump Says He’s a ‘Big Fan’ of Hindus. The New York Times. Available online: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/us/politics/trump-modi-indian-americans.html. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Hadiz, Vedi R. 2016. Islamic Populism in Indonesia and the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hadiz, Vedi R. 2018. Imagine All the People? Mobilising Islamic Populism for Right-Wing Politics in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia 48: 566–583.
Haug, Sebastian, and Supriya Roychoudhury. 2023. Civilizational Exceptionalism in International Affairs: Making Sense of Indian and Turkish Claims. International Affairs 99 (2): 531–549. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac317.
Haynes, Jeffrey. 2020. Trump and the Politics of International Religious Freedom. Religions 11: 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11080385.
Hazir, Ü. N. 2022. Anti-Westernism in Turkey’s Neo-Ottomanist Foreign Policy Under Erdoğan. Russia in Global Affairs 20: 164–183. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2022-20-2-164-183.
Hodal, Kate. 2013. Buddhist Monk Uses Racism and Rumours to Spread Hatred in Burma. The Guardian, April 18. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/18/buddhist-monk-spreads-hatred-burma. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Htun, Y. 2020. The Populist Threat to Democracy in Myanmar. In Human Rights in a Time of Populism: Challenges and Responses, ed. Gerald L. Neuman, 164–191. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751551.009.
Human Rights Watch. 2020. ‘Shoot the Traitors’ Discrimination Against Muslims Under India’s New Citizenship Policy, April 9. Available online: https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/04/09/shoot-traitors/discrimination-against-muslims-under-indias-newcitizenship-policy. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Human Rights Watch. 2013. Burma: End ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ of Rohingya Muslims, April 22. Available online: https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/22/burma-end-ethnic-cleansing-rohingya-muslims. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 22–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045621
Huntington, Samuel P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Touchstone.
International Crisis Group. 2017. Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar. Available online: https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/290-buddhism-and-state-power-myanmar. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Jacobs, Stephen. 2010. Hinduism Today: An Introduction. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Louise Tillin. 2017. Populism in India. In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, ed. Cristobal Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Espeho, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2016. Narendra Modi Between Hindutva and Subnationalism: The Gujaratiasmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat. India Review 15: 196–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2016.1165557.
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2021. How Narendra Modi Transformed from an RSS Pracharak to a Full-Fledged Politician and Hindu Hridaysamrat. The Wire. Available online: https://thewire.in/politics/narendra-modi-rss-pracharak-politician. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Jain, Rupam, and Tom Lasseter. 2018. By Rewriting History, Hindu Nationalists Aim to Assert Their Dominance over India. Reuters, March 6. Available online: https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/india-modi-culture/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Jung, Dietrich. 2001. The Sevres Syndrome: Turkish Foreign Policy and Its Historical Legacy. In Oil and Water: Cooperative Security in the Persian Gulf, ed. Bjorn Muller, 131–159. London: I.B. Tauris.
Kaltwasser, Cristóbal, Rovira. 2013. Populism vs. Constitutionalism? Comparative Perspectives on Contemporary Western Europe, Latin America, and the United States. The Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions. Foundation for Law, Justice and Society. Oxford: OUP.
Kaya, Ayhan, and Ayşe Tecmen. 2019. Europe Versus Islam?: Right-Wing Populist Discourse and the Construction of a Civilizational Identity. The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17: 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1570759.
Kaya, Ayhan. 2021. The Use of the Past by the Alternative for Germany and the Front National: Heritage Populism, Ostalgia and Jeanne D’Arc. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 31: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1981835.
Kluveld, Amanda. 2016. Secular, Superior and, Desperately Searching for Its Soul: The Confusing Political-Cultural References to a Judeo-Christian Europe in the Twenty-First Century. In Is There a Judeo-Christian Tradition?: A European Perspective, 1st ed., ed. Emmanuel Nathan and Anya Topolski, 241–266. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. Available online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbkk0mv.16. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Knoll, Travis. 2019. Seeking Liberation in Brazil. NACLA Report on the Americas 51: 227–231.
Kyle, Jordan, and Limor Gultchin. 2018. Populists in Power Around the World. Tony Blair Institute of Global Change, November 7. Available online: http://institute.global/insight/renewing-centre/populists-power-around-world. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Lahiry, Sutapa. 2005. Jana Sangh and Bharatiya Janata Party: A Comparative Assessment of Their Philosophy and Strategy and Their Proximity with the Other Members of The Sangh Parivar. The Indian Journal of Political Science 66: 831–850. Available online: www.jstor.org/stable/41856171. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
la Torre, C. de. 2019. Is left Populism the Radical Democratic Answer? Irish Journal of Sociology 27 (1): 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0791603519827225
Lefèvre, Corinne. 2020. Heritage Politics and Policies in Hindu Rashtra.... https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.6632. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 24/25 (2020): 151–175. The Hindutva Turn: Authoritarianism and Resistance in India [Online]. https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/6632; https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.6632.
Leidig, Eviane. 2016. Rewriting History: The Ongoing Controversy Over Textbooks in India. LSE Blogs, June 1. Available online: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2016/06/01/rewriting-history-the-ongoing-controversy-over-textbooks-in-india/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Löfflmann, Georg. 2022. Introduction to Special Issue: The Study of Populism in International Relations. British Journal of Politics & International Relations 24: 403–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481221103116.
Mahmood, C.K. 1993. Rethinking Indian Communalism: Culture and Counter-Culture. Asian Survey 33 (7): 722–737. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645359.
Marshall, Andrew R.C. 2013. Special Report: Myanmar Gives Official Blessing to Anti-Muslim Monks. Reuters. Available online: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-969-specialreport-idUSBRE95Q04720130627. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Marzouki, Nadia, Duncan McDonnell, and Olivier Roy. 2016. Saving the People: How Populists Hijack Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mazurczak, Filip. 2019. How Catholic Is Poland’s ‘Law and Justice’ Party? The Catholic World Report. Available online: https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/10/21/how-catholic-is-polands-law-and-justice-party/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
McDonnell, Duncan, and Luis Cabrera. 2019. The Right-Wing Populism of India’s Bharatiya Janata Party. Democratization 26: 484–501.
Moe, Z. Kyaw. 2017. A Radically Different Dhamma. The Irrawaddy, March 9. Available online: https://www.irrawaddy.com/from-the-archive/radically-different-dhamma-2.html. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Moffitt, Benjamin. 2015. How to Perform Crisis: A Model for Understanding the Key Role of Crisis in Contemporary Populism. Government and Opposition 50: 189–217.
Moffitt, Benjamin. 2016. The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Morieson, Nicholas. 2021. Religion and the Populist Radical Right: Secular Christianism and Populism in Western Europe. Delaware and Malaga: Vernon Press.
Morieson, Nicholas. 2023. Understanding Civilizational Populism in Europe and North America: The United States, France, and Poland. Religions 14 (2): 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020154.
Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira. Kaltwasser. 2013. Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition (London) 48: 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.11.
Mudde, Cas. 2004. The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition 39: 541–563.
Mudde, Cas. 2017. Populism: An Ideational Approach. In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, ed. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul A. Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online Edition. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.1.
Nag, Kingshuk. 2015. How Atal Bihari Vajpayee Fought and Lost Against the RSS. Scroll India, December 25. Available online: https://scroll.in/article/777921/how-atal-bihari-vajpayee-fought-and-lost-against-the-rss. Accessed 25 Oct 2022, 24 Feb 2022.
Nair, Rupam Jain. 2015. New Recruits to Hindu Cause Hear Anti-Muslim Message. Reuters, October 13. Available online: https://www.reuters.com/article/india-rss-muslims-idINKCN0S700M20151013. Accessed 25 Oct 2022, 24 Feb 2022.
Nakanishi, Yoshihiro. 2013. Strong Soldiers, Failed Revolution: The State and Military in Burma, 1962–88. Singapore: NUS Press. Available online: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1qv1qg. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Oppenheim, Marella. 2017. ‘It Only Takes One Terrorist’: The Buddhist Monk Who Reviles Myanmar’s Muslims. The Guardian, May 12. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/may/12/only-takes-one-terrorist-buddhist-monk-reviles-myanmar-muslims-rohingya-refugees-ashin-wirathu. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Ozzano, Luca, and Fabio Bolzonar. 2020. Is Right-Wing Populism a Phenomenon of Religious Dissent? The Cases of the Lega and the Rassemblement National. International Journal of Religion 1: 45–59.
Pachá, Paulo. 2019. Why the Brazilian Far Right Loves the European Middle Ages. Available online: https://psmag.com/ideas/why-the-brazilian-far-right-is-obsessed-with-the-crusades. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Pandey, Ashutosh. 2019. India and Pakistan’s Troubled History. DW, February 27. Available online: https://www.dw.com/en/india-and-pakistans-troubled-history/a-47710698. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Panizza, Francisco. 2005. Introduction: Populism and the Mirror of Democracy, 1–32. London and New York: Verso Books.
Peker, Efe. 2019. Religious Populism, Memory, and Violence in India. New Diversities 17: 23.
Pradhan, Sharat. 2020. For Hindutva Gang, and Now UP Police, Each Hindu-Muslim Marriage Must Be Probed for ‘Love Jihad’. The Print, September 14. https://thewire.in/communalism/uttar-pradesh-love-jihad-police-yogi-adityanath-hindutva-vigilantes.
Quraishi, Shahabuddin Yaqoob. 2021. The Population Myth: Islam, Family Planning and Politics in India. HarperCollins.
Rahman, Maseeh. 2014. Indian Prime Minister Claims Genetic Science Existed in Ancient Times. The Guardian, October 28. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/28/indian-prime-minister-genetic-science-existed-ancient-times. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Rashid, Qaisar. 2020. Narendra Modi, Akhand Bharat and “Greater India”. Future Directions, November 3. Available online: https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/narendra-modi-akhand-bharat-and-greater-india/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Reuters. 2020. Myanmar Fugitive Monk Wirathu Hands Himself in to Face Sedition Charges. Reuters, November 2. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-election-monk-idUSKBN27I1A7. Accessed 20 Apr 2023.
Roy, Olivier. 2013. Secularism and Islam: The Theological Predicament. The International Spectator 48: 5–19.
Roy, Olivier. 2016. The French National Front: From Christian Identity to Laïcité. In Saving the People How Populists Hijack Religion, ed. Nadia Marzouki, Duncan McDonnell, and Olivier Roy. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Safi, Michel. 2018b. Revealed: Facebook Hate Speech Exploded in Myanmar During Rohingya Crisis. The Guardian. Available Online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/03/revealed-facebook-hate-speech-exploded-in-myanmar-during-rohingya-crisis. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Sagarzazu, Iñaki, and Cameron G. Thies. 2019. The Foreign Policy Rhetoric of Populism: Chavez, Oil, and Anti-Imperialism. Political Research Quarterly 72: 205–214. Available online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/45276901. Accessed 25 Oct 2022, 28 Sept 2022.
Saleem, Raja M. Ali. 2021. Hinduism, Hindutva and Hindu Populism in India: An Analysis of Party Manifestos of Indian Rightwing Parties. Religions 12: 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12100803.
Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar. 2009. In Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, ed. Christophe Jaffrelot. Ukraine: Princeton University Press.
Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar. 2016. Essentials of Hindutva. Available online: https://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/284/1/Essentials%20of%20Hindutva.pdf.
Savarkar, Veer. 2021. Hindu Rashtra Darshan. New Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan.
Sharma, Jyotirmaya. 2011. Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism. New Delhi: Penguin Books India.
Sharma, Betwa. 2020. One Year After Mass Protests, India’s Muslims Still Live in Fear. Foreign Policy, December 18. Available online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/18/one-year-mass-caa-protests-india-muslims-citizenship-amendment-act-modi/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Shirley, Bruno Marshall. 2016. Buddhist-Muslim Violence in South and South-East Asia: The Local Becomes Regional, or A Clash of Civilizations? International Policy Digest. Available online: https://intpolicydigest.org/buddhist-muslim-violence-in-south-and-south-east-asia-the-local-becomes-regional-or-a-clash-of-civilizations/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Silvius, Ray. 2015. Eurasianism and Putin’s Embedded Civilizationism. In The Eurasian Project and Europe, ed. David Lane and Vsevolod Samokhvalov. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137472960_5.
Sirilal, Ranga. 2014. Radical Myanmar Monk Joins Hands with Sri Lankan Buddhists. Reuters, September 29. Available online: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-buddhism-myanmar-idUSKCN0HO0GD20140929. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Stanley, Ben. 2016. Defenders of the Cross: Populist Politics and Religion in Post-Communist Poland. In Saving the People How Populists Hijack Religion, ed. Nadia Marzouki, Duncan McDonnell, and Olivier Roy. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Strangio, Sebastian. 2023. Why Did Myanmar’s Junta Grant Wirathu a National Award? The Diplomat, January 9. https://thediplomat.com/2023/01/why-did-myanmars-junta-grant-wirathu-a-national-award/. Accessed 20 Apr 2023.
Taguieff, Pierre-André. 1995. Political Science Confronts Populism: From a Conceptual Mirage to a Real Problem. Telos 103: 9–43.
Taş, Hakkı. 2020. The Chronopolitics of National Populism. Identities 29: 127–145.
Thapar, R. 2014. The Past as Present: Forging Contemporary Identities Through History. New Delhi: Aleph Book Company.
Thapar, Romila. 2020. That Muslims Enslaved Hindus for Last 1000 Yrs Is Historically Unacceptable: Romila Thapar. The Print, November 27. https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/muslims-enslaved-hindus-for-last-1000-yrs-historically-unacceptable-romila-thapar/552564/. Last accessed.
Tharoor, Shashi. 2018. Why I Am a Hindu? Brunswick: Scribe Publications. The Independent.
Thu, Myat. 2021. Populism in Mynmar. In Populism in Asian Democracies: Features, Structures, and Impact, ed. Sook Jong Lee, Chin-en Wu, and Kaustuv Kanti Bandyopadhyay. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
Uzer, Umut. 2020. Conservative Narrative: Contemporary Neo-Ottomanist Approaches in Turkish Politics. Middle East Critique 29 (3): 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2020.1770444.
Van Kessel, Stijn. 2016. Using Faith to Exclude: The Role of Religion in Dutch Populism. In Saving the People: How Populists Hijack Religion, ed. Nadia Marzouki, Duncan McDonnell, and Olivier Roy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Varadarajan, Siddharth. 2018. Let Us Not Forget the Glimpse We Got of the Real Vajpayee When the Mask Slipped. The Wire, August 18. Available online: https://thewire.in/politics/let-us-not-forget-the-glimpse-we-got-of-the-real-vajpayee-when-the-mask-slipped. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Visana, Vikram. 2020. Savarkar Before Hindutva: Sovereignty, Republicanism, and Populism in India, c.1900–1920. Modern Intellectual History 18: 1106–1129.
Voice of America. 2017. Radical Burmese Buddhist Monk Is Subject of Documentary at Cannes Film Festival, May 17. Available online: https://www.voanews.com/a/radical-burmese-buddhist-monk-is-subject-of-documentary-at-cannes-film-festival/3854047.html. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Voice of America. 2018. Anti-Americanism Rises in Turkey as US-Turkish Tensions Escalate. Voice of America, 13 August 2018. https://www.voanews.com/a/anti-americanism-rises-in-turkey-as-us-turkish-tensions-escalate/454
Vollard, J.P. Hans. 2013. Re-emerging Christianity in West European Politics: The Case of the Netherlands. Politics and Religion 6: 74–100.
Waikar, Prashant. 2018. Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: An Analysis of Narendra Modi’s Political Discourse. Islamophobia Studies Journal 4: 161–180. https://doi.org/10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161.
Wajner, Daniel F., and Luis Roniger. 2019. Transnational Identity Politics in the Americas: Reshaping ‘Nuestramérica’ as Chavismo’s Regional Legitimation Strategy. Latin American Research Review 54: 458–475.
Wajner, Daniel F. 2022. The Populist Way Out: Why Contemporary Populist Leaders Seek Transnational Legitimation. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24: 416–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481211069345.
Walton, Matthew J. 2015. Burmese Buddhist Politics. In Oxford Handbook Topics in Religion Online Edition. Oxford: Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935420.013.21.
Weyland, Kurt. 2013. Latin America’s Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left. Journal of Democracy 24: 18–32. Available online https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/latin-americas-authoritarian-drift-the-threat-from-the-populist-left/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Wills, Matthew. 2017. How Buddhism Is Being Used to Justify Violence in Myanmar. JStor Daily, September 29. Available online: https://daily.jstor.org/how-is-buddhism-being-used-to-justify-violence-in-myanmar/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Yilmaz, I., and I. Albayrak. 2022. Demonization and De-Humanisation of AKP’s Opponents. In Populist and Pro-Violence State Religion. Palgrave Studies in Populisms. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6707-7_7.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Erdoan Shipoli. 2022. Use of Past Collective Traumas, Fear and Conspiracy Theories for Securitization of the Opposition and Authoritarianisation: The Turkish Case. Democratization 29: 320–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1953992.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Kainat Shakil. 2021. The Silence of the Khans: The Pragmatism of Islamist Populist Imran Khan and His Mentor Erdogan in Persecuting Muslim Minorities. European Center for Populism Studies. Available online: https://www.populismstudies.org/the-silence-of-the-khans-the-pragmatism-of-islamist-populist-imran-khan-and-his-mentor-erdogan-in-persecuting-muslim-minorities/. Accessed 25 October 2022.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Nicholas Morieson. 2021. A Systematic Literature Review of Populism, Religion and Emotions. Religions 12: 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12040272.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Nicholas Morieson. 2023. Religions and the Global Rise of Civilizational Populism. In Religions and the Global Rise of Civilizational Populism. Palgrave Studies in Populisms. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9052-6_1.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Nicholas Morieson. 2022a. Civilizational Populism: Definition, Literature, Theory, and Practice. Religions 13 (11): 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13111026.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Nicholas Morieson. 2022b. Religious Populisms in the Asia Pacific. Religions 13: 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13090802.
Yilmaz, Ihsan, Nicholas Morieson, and Mustafa Demir. 2021. Exploring Religions in Relation to Populism: A Tour Around the World. Religions 12: 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12050301.
Yilmaz, Ihsan. 2018. Islamic Populism and Creating Desirable Citizens in Erdogan’s New Turkey. Mediterranean Quarterly 29: 52–76.
Yilmaz, Ihsan. 2021a. Creating the Desired Citizen: Ideology, State and Islam in Turkey. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Yilmaz, Ihsan. 2021b. Erdogan’s Political Journey: From Victimised Muslim Democrat to Authoritarian, Islamist Populist. ECPS Leader Profiles. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), February 14. https://doi.org/10.55271/lp0007. Available Online: https://www.populismstudies.org/erdogans-political-journey-from-victimised-muslim-democrat-to-authoritarian-islamist-populist/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022.
Zúquete, P. Jose. 2017. Populism and Religion. In Oxford Handbooks Online, ed. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.22.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yilmaz, I., Morieson, N. (2023). Civilizational Populism: Definition, Literature, Theory, and Practice. In: Yilmaz, I. (eds) Civilizational Populism in Democratic Nation-States. Palgrave Studies in Populisms. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4262-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4262-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-4261-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-4262-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)