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Antibiotics: Past, Present, Future, and Clinical Pipeline

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Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Innovation and Research

Abstract

A significant threat to global public health is antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The estimated cause of at least 700,000 deaths each year worldwide is medication-resistant bacterial infections (including tuberculosis). Estimates suggest that around ten million deaths are expected annually by 2050, due to drug-resistant bacteria. The World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance report concedes resistance in common human pathogens like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the biggest threats to humankind. Antibiotic resistance is becoming globalized due to the significant high evolutionary pressure. Thus, developing new therapeutic agents against new targets or antibacterials with different approaches to target pathogenic bacteria has become imperative. This review listed out various antibiotics act with different mechanisms, and bacteria also acquire different mechanisms to dodge these antibiotics. The mechanism includes removing antibiotics out of the cell by increased efflux, not allowing the antibiotic to enter by decreased uptake, decreasing the antibiotic binding by modifying the target, degrading the antibiotics by enzyme, etc. So, the novel antibacterial agent uses four criteria: absence of known cross-resistance, new class, new target, and a new mode of action developed to treat AMR.

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Acknowledgments

V.T. is thank to AMR-DBT-BIRAC for funding this work. RS is thankful to ICMR for the research fellowship.

Funding

AMR-DBT-BIRAC (Sanction No. BT/PR31944/MED/29/1408/2019) funded VT for this work.

Transparency Declarations

V.T has received a DBT-BIRAC grant from the Department of Biotechnology. R.S. and V.T. have no conflicts of interest related to this work.

Author Contributions

R.S. wrote the first draft of the review; R.S added parts of new texts and figures; V.T edited and analysed the data.

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  1. Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Raja Singh & Vibha Tandon

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  1. Raja Singh
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Correspondence to Vibha Tandon .

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  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India

    Prati Pal Singh

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Singh, R., Tandon, V. (2023). Antibiotics: Past, Present, Future, and Clinical Pipeline. In: Singh, P.P. (eds) Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Innovation and Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2302-1_24

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