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Near-Zero Liquid Discharge for Wastewater Through Membrane Technology

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Persistent Pollutants in Water and Advanced Treatment Technology

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

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Abstract

Regulatory authorities are making effluent disposal standards more stringent to minimize the effect of pollution load on natural streams and protect the environment. Industries producing wastewater with a high pollution load and refractory organics are forced to have a near-zero liquid discharge (NZLD) system to meet the effluent standards for disposal. In the NZLD process, solids are separated from wastewater, and recovered water is again used in the process. Thermal methods were used to achieve zero liquid discharge (ZLD), but they are not feasible for diluting wastewater streams due to high energy consumption. At present, membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD), membrane electrodialysis (MED), and capacitive deionization (CDI) are being used for preconcentration of wastewater before feeding to the thermal units to reduce operational and capital cost. The use of RO and NF reduced energy consumption in conventional ZLD systems by replacing the brine concentrator. RO has high feed TDS limitation and is more prone to fouling due to operation at high pressure. Therefore, FO, MD, or CDI can be used for handling the rejection from 1st stage RO. CDI and EDR are applicable for relatively lower feed concentrations and can replace 1st stage RO in the ZLD system. The crystallizer requires a lot of energy and can be replaced with a solar crystallizer or evaporation pond to reduce energy consumption in the NZLD system. This chapter aims to give insight into the application of membrane technology in achieving ZLD and making it economically feasible. The application of recently developed membranes and modifications can improve the efficiency and applicability of membrane-based ZLD systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Avinash Kumar, A. Sudharshan Reddy & Swatantra P. Singh

  2. Centre for Research in Nano Technology and Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Swatantra P. Singh

  3. Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Swatantra P. Singh

Authors
  1. Avinash Kumar
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  2. A. Sudharshan Reddy
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  3. Swatantra P. Singh
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Swatantra P. Singh .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

    Alok Sinha

  2. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (ESED, formerly CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Swatantra P. Singh

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

    A. B. Gupta

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Kumar, A., Reddy, A.S., Singh, S.P. (2023). Near-Zero Liquid Discharge for Wastewater Through Membrane Technology. In: Sinha, A., Singh, S.P., Gupta, A.B. (eds) Persistent Pollutants in Water and Advanced Treatment Technology. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2062-4_18

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