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Iron-Based Modified Nanomaterials for the Efficacious Treatment of Cr(VI) Containing Wastewater: A Review

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Persistent Pollutants in Water and Advanced Treatment Technology

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

Chromium, mainly in the hexavalent form [Cr(VI)], has become a worldwide menace due to its extensive industrial applications and mining activities. According to the USEPA, it is one of 129 priority pollutants and 25 hazardous compounds, due to its higher toxicity, persistency, carcinogenicity, and mutagenic effects. Cr(VI) is hundred times more toxic than its trivalent form which is principally of geological origin. Cr(III) is generally insoluble and stable in the environment, primarily required for lipid and fat metabolism in human. In an aqueous solution, Cr(VI) is mostly found as the oxyanions HCrO4− (pH 2), Cr2O72− (pH 2–6), and CrO42− (pH > 6), which has very high mobility. Several figures show that Cr(VI) concentrations are significantly higher around the world, despite the fact that the acceptable limit for portable water is 0.05 mg/l and surface water discharge is 0.1 mg/L. Therefore, effective elimination of Cr(VI) from the water source requires long-term water management sustainable technology. Nano-remediation technology has gained a larger insight in the toxic contaminant removal due to its high surface area, non-toxic, vast reduction capacity, and cost-effective nature. It could be a state-of-the-art approach for the safe exclusion of heavy metals (Cr, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) and organic compounds like pharmaceutical waste, organic solvents, phthalates, hydrocarbons, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from the wastewater. Carbon nanostructure, iron-based nanomaterials, metal organic framework, nano-photocatalyst, nanosensors, zeolites, and other methods are available for the reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III). Currently, iron-based nanomaterials are being investigated as a promising method for the effective reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) from the aqueous solution, as its negative standard potential (E0(Fe2+/Fe0) = −0.44 V, favors reaction process. Despite all the advantages of iron particles, the pH dependency, agglomeration, and particle passivation limit the procedure. This chapter will discuss the occurrences, environmental cycle, health effects of chromium, as well as current developments in nanomaterial synthesis/modification via physico-chemical methods, probable reaction mechanisms, and the impact of various environmental conditions on Cr(VI) reduction capabilities in aqueous solution.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines (IIT), Dhanbad and CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research for their sincere support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India

    Anjali Kumari & Alok Sinha

  2. Water Resource Management, CSIR–Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826001, India

    D. B. Singh

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  1. Anjali Kumari
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  2. Alok Sinha
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  3. D. B. Singh
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Correspondence to Anjali Kumari .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

    Alok Sinha

  2. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (ESED, formerly CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Swatantra P. Singh

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

    A. B. Gupta

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Kumari, A., Sinha, A., Singh, D.B. (2023). Iron-Based Modified Nanomaterials for the Efficacious Treatment of Cr(VI) Containing Wastewater: A Review. In: Sinha, A., Singh, S.P., Gupta, A.B. (eds) Persistent Pollutants in Water and Advanced Treatment Technology. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2062-4_13

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