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Functional Anatomy of the Upper and Lower Urinary Tract

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Handbook of Neurourology

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Abstract

The upper and lower urinary tract includes the two urine-producing kidneys and the entire urinary-discharging system consisting of the renal pelvises, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. The entire system extends from the retroperitoneum of the upper abdomen into the small pelvis; the urethra finally penetrates the pelvic floor. The clear sex differences essentially concern the course of the ureters and the urethra.

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  1. Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

    Erich Brenner

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  1. Department of Urology Department of Neurourology, China Rehabiliation Research Center China Rehabilitation Science InstituteCapital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Limin Liao

  2. Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria

    Helmut Madersbacher

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Brenner, E. (2023). Functional Anatomy of the Upper and Lower Urinary Tract. In: Liao, L., Madersbacher, H. (eds) Handbook of Neurourology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1659-7_1

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