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Potential Technologies to Develop Cellulose Beads and Microspheres

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Regenerated Cellulose and Composites

Part of the book series: Engineering Materials ((ENG.MAT.))

Abstract

Consumers, food packaging, and pharmaceutical industry are increasingly demanding products made of raw materials obtained from renewable and sustainable resources that are biodegradable, non-petroleum based, carbon neutral, and have low environmental, health and safety risks. Cellulose macro- and nanofibers are attractive biopolymers of almost inexhaustible quantity, obtained from wood, hemp, cotton, linen, etc., have been expansively used as engineering materials for thousands of years and their use continues today in the fabrication of advanced pharmaceuticals. Cellulose is a lightweight and biodegradable material with outstanding strength, stiffness, and hydrophilic in nature has been rigorously investigated as a reinforcing component in design of various drug carriers including composite, beads, and microspheres. Moreover, polysaccharides fabricated into hydrophilic matrices remain popular biomaterials for controlled or sustained release oral and targeted drug delivery systems among them most extensively modified cellulose used are hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, etc. Additionally, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, oxycellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, and cellulose were obtained from plant sources explored by food and pharmaceuticals manufacturers. Microspheres and beads are orally modified in multiple unit dosage forms, however, fabrication of these drug carriers has always been a more effective therapeutic alternative to synthetic non-biodegradable excipients. This chapter summarizes an overview of the processing structure property perspective on the recent advances in synthetic and natural cellulose and their derivatized form with emphasized application in the development of beads and microsphere.

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Abbreviations

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

NCMC:

Nano carboxymethyl cellulose

G:

Standard gravity

g:

Gram

g cm−3 g:

Per cubic centimeter

h:

Hour

K:

Kelvin

M:

Molar, mol dm−3

M:

Meter

m2g−1:

Square meter per gram

min:

Minute

mol:

Mole, ∼6.022 × 1023

s−1:

Reciprocal seconds

V:

Volt

W:

Watt

–COOH:

Carboxylic acid group

µ_:

Micro, 10−6

ACB:

Anionic cellulose bead

AG:

Anionic group

AGU:

Anhydroglucose unit

API:

Active pharmaceutical ingredient

CMC:

Carboxymethyl cellulose

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

DMS:

Trans-4-[4-(Dimethyl-amino)styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide

DPν:

Viscosity average degree of polymerization

DS:

Degree of substitution

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimeter

EC:

Ethyl cellulose

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectrometer

HEMA:

Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

HPC:

Hydroxypropyl cellulose

HPMC:

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Wt:

Weight

UDP:

Uridinediphosphate

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

DMF:

Dimethylformamide

DMI:

1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone

DMA:

Dimethylacetal

CNF:

Cellulose nanofibril

CNC:

Cellulose nanocomposites

MS:

Molar substitution

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

LCST:

Lower Critical Solution Temperature

NaCMC:

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose

NaCl:

Sodium chloride

US EPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

L:

Liter

g/L:

Gram per liter

nm:

Nanometer

rpm:

Revolution per minute

L/min:

Liter per minute

%:

Percentage

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, 443001, India

    Prakash N. Kendre & Deepak Lokwani

  2. Matoshri Institute of Pharmacy, Dhanore Yeola, Nashik, Maharashtra, 423401, India

    Ajinkya Pote

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Sudarshan Singh

  4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Titilope J. Jayeoye

  5. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Gujarat, 384012, India

    Bhupendra G. Prajapati

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  1. Prakash N. Kendre
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  2. Deepak Lokwani
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  3. Ajinkya Pote
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  5. Titilope J. Jayeoye
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  6. Bhupendra G. Prajapati
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  1. Department of Applied Science and Humanities (Chemistry), GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, India

    Mohd Shabbir

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Kendre, P.N., Lokwani, D., Pote, A., Singh, S., Jayeoye, T.J., Prajapati, B.G. (2023). Potential Technologies to Develop Cellulose Beads and Microspheres. In: Shabbir, M. (eds) Regenerated Cellulose and Composites. Engineering Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1655-9_6

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