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Recycling of Platinum Group Metals and Alternative Catalysts for Catalytic Converters

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Transportation Systems Technology and Integrated Management

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

Platinum group metals (PGM) are used as a catalyst in the automotive catalytic converters to curb engine emissions. The modern catalytic converter (three-way) executes oxidation of CO and unburnt HC, and reduction of NO using its large active surfaces containing PGM, which are precious metals with high cost all over the world. Due to the high cost of the PGM, researchers are working on efficient methods for extracting and reusing these valuable metals from catalytic converters. Pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are the most common ways for the extraction of the PGMs among other methods. Alternative to platinum, materials like titanium dioxide and other metal-based oxides can be used for carrying out redox reactions of toxic vehicular emissions. The use of such alternative catalysts can help in reducing the increasing demands and cost of PGMs. This chapter focuses on the possibilities of recycling the PGMs from catalytic converters and also of reducing the ever-increasing requirement of PGMs in the manufacturing of autocatalysts in the catalytic converters. The chapter reports the recent global trends of PGM recycling and its demand for use as autocatalysts, alternative materials of to PGMs in catalytic converters and alternative methods for emission reduction. Further, the engine-related challenges and research on future directions of replacing PGM’s as autocatalysts has been performed; it includes some experimental results of direct decomposition of NOx using non-noble metal catalysts such as Cu-COK12, Cu-Nb2O5, Cu-YZeolite, and Cu-ZSM5. The article should also provide a quicker understanding of research on development of low-cost non-noble metal-based alternative autocatalysts.

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Abbreviations

ATR-FTIR:

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

CHN:

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen analysis

CI:

Compression ignition

CO:

Carbon monoxide

DeNOx:

Direct decomposition of NOx

DPF:

Diesel particulate filter

FSP:

Flame spray pyrolysis

FTIR:

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

H2-TPR:

Hydrogen-temperature programmed reduction

HC:

Hydrocarbons

HRTEM:

High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry

LRS:

Laser Raman spectroscopy

MFC:

Mass flow controller

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

NDIR:

Nondispersive infrared sensor

NH3-TPD:

Ammonia-Temperature programmed desorption

NO:

Nitrogen oxide

NO2:

Nitrogen dioxide

NO-TPO:

Nitrogen oxide- Temperature programmed oxidation

NOx:

Nitrogen oxide gases

PGM:

Platinum group metals

PM:

Particulate matter

PXRD:

Powder X-ray diffraction

ROW:

Rest of World

SA:

Surface Area

SCR:

Selective catalytic reduction

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SEM-EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

SI:

Spark ignition

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

TGA-DTA:

Thermal gravimetric analysis -Differential thermal analysis

TPD:

Temperature programmed desorption

TPO:

Temperature programmed oxidation

TPR:

Temperature programmed reduction

UHC:

Unburnt hydrocarbons

USA:

United States of America

UV vis DRS:

UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Acknowledgements

The work was supervised by Dr. Atul Dhar, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, H.P., India. The research was performed with the collaboration of CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, U.K., India, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, H.P., India, and Centre of Earth Observation Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN24GJ, United Kingdom.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Automotive Fuels and Lubricants Application Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India

    M. K. Shukla

  2. Centre of Earth Observation Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN24GJ, UK

    Balendra V. S. Chauhan

  3. Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India

    Thallada Bhaskar

  4. School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, India

    Atul Dhar

  5. Invertis University, Rajau Paraspur, India

    Ajitanshu Vedratnam

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  1. M. K. Shukla
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Correspondence to Balendra V. S. Chauhan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Rail and Transportation Institute, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

    Ram Krishna Upadhyay

  2. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Rail and Transportation Institute, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

    Sunil Kumar Sharma

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Vikram Kumar

  4. Engine Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Hardikk Valera

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this chapter.

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M.K. Shukla: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Writing- Original draft preparation; Balendra V.S. Chauhan: Investigation, Draft preparation, Writing and Editing; Dr. Thallada Bhaskar: Data curation, Visualization and Supervision; Dr. Atul Dhar: Validation, Supervision, Reviewing and Editing; Dr. Ajitanshu Vedratnam: Visualization, Draft preparation, Editing.

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Shukla, M.K., Chauhan, B.V.S., Bhaskar, T., Dhar, A., Vedratnam, A. (2023). Recycling of Platinum Group Metals and Alternative Catalysts for Catalytic Converters. In: Upadhyay, R.K., Sharma, S.K., Kumar, V., Valera, H. (eds) Transportation Systems Technology and Integrated Management. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1517-0_17

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