Abstract
Polymers and their composites are preferred over conventional materials like steel, copper, and aluminum due to their high corrosion resistance, flexibility, ease of processability, and lightweight. Various analytical techniques have been used for the characterization of polymers and their composites as a function of either time or temperature. Morphological structure, molecular weight, analysis of monomer, solvent residue, the composition of the copolymer, and interfacial interfaces of polymeric systems are some of the advanced properties of polymers and composites. The current chapter covers some of the advanced characterizations techniques like Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), 4-Probe technique, Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC), and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The above-mentioned techniques are used to determine various properties of advanced polymers like their response to heat, stress, electrical resistance, molecular weight, etc.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Van Lieshout, M.H.P.M., Janssen, H.G., Cramers, C.A., Hetem, M.J.J., Schalk, H.J.P.: Characterization of polymers by multi-step thermal desorption/programmed pyrolysis gas chromatography using a high temperature PTV injector. HRC J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 19, 193–199 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240190404
Liang, J.Z.: Dynamic mechanical properties and characterization of inorganic particulate-filled polymer composites. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 24, 207–220 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705710387254
Bashir, M.A., Jakobsen, M.G., Farstad, V.B.: The effect of extender particle size on the glass transition temperature of model epoxy coatings. Polymers (Basel) 12 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010196
Tsagaropoulos, G., Eisenberg, A.: Dynamic mechanical study of the factors affecting the two glass transition behavior of filled polymers. Similarities Differ. Random Lonomers, Macromol. 28, 6067–6077 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00122a011
Bashir, M.A.: Use of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) for characterizing interfacial interactions in filled polymers. Solids. 2, 108–120 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/solids2010006
Mayes, A.M.: Softer at the boundary taking lessons from the book. Nature 4, 651–652 (2005)
Starr, F.W., Schrøder, T.B., Glotzer, S.C.: Effects of a nanoscopic filler on the structure and dynamics of a simulated polymer melt and the relationship to ultrathin films. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 64(5) (2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.64.021802
Gaisford, S., Kett, V., Haines, P.: Principles of thermal analysis and calorimetry. Roy. Soc. Chem. (2019)
James, J.: Chapter 7—thermomechanical analysis and its applications. In: Thomas, S., Thomas, R., Zachariah, A.K., Mishra, R.K. (eds.) Thermal and Rheological Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization, pp. 159–171. Elsevier (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-46139-9.00007-4
Corcione, C.E., Frigione, M.: Characterization of nanocomposites by thermal analysis. Materials (Basel). 5, 2960–2980 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5122960
Wu, Q., Chi, K., Wu, Y., Lee, S.: Mechanical, thermal expansion, and flammability properties of co-extruded wood polymer composites with basalt fiber reinforced shells. Mater. Des. 60, 334–342 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.010
Zhao, Y.-H., Wu, Z.-K., Bai, S.-L.: Study on thermal properties of graphene foam/graphene sheets filled polymer composites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 72, 200–206 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.02.011
Saba, N., Jawaid, M.: A review on thermomechanical properties of polymers and fibers reinforced polymer composites. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 67, 1–11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.06.018
Balzano, L., Kukalyekar, N., Rastogi, S., Peters, G.W.M., Chadwick, J.C.: Crystallization and dissolution of flow-induced precursors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 1–4 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.048302
Hsiao, B.S., Yang, L., Somani, R.H., Avila-Orta, C.A., Zhu, L.: Unexpected Shish-Kebab structure in a sheared polyethylene melt. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 1–4 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.117802
Klinov, D., Magonov, S.: True molecular resolution in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy with high-resolution probes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2697–2699 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1697629
Yang, X., Loos, J.: Toward high-performance polymer solar cells: the importance of morphology control. Macromolecules 40, 1353–1362 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0618732
Garcia, R., Proksch, R.: Nanomechanical mapping of soft matter by bimodal force microscopy. Eur. Polym. J. 49, 1897–1906 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.03.037
Hobbs, J.K., Farrance, O.E., Kailas, L.: How atomic force microscopy has contributed to our understanding of polymer crystallization. Polymer (Guildf). 50, 4281–4292 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.06.021
Yamanaka, S., Kubo, A., Inumaru, K., Komaguchi, K., Kini, N.S., Inoue, T., Irifune, T.: Electron conductive three-dimensional polymer of cuboidal C60. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 1–4 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.076602
Vas, J.V., Thomas, M.J.: Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of multiwalled carbon nanotube filled silicone rubber. In: INCEMIC 2015—13th International Conference on Electromagnet Interference and Compatibility Proceeding, pp. 55–59 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/INCEMIC.2015.8055846
Voelkel, A., Grzeskowiak, T.: The use of solubility parameters in characterization of titanate modified silica gel by inverse gas chromatography. Chromatographia 51, 608–614 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02490820
Mohammadi-Jam, S., Waters, K.E.: Inverse gas chromatography applications: a review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 212, 21–44 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.002
Voelkel, A.: Inverse gas chromatography in characterization of surface. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 72, 205–207 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.01.016
Suarez, I., Caballero, M.J., Coto, B.: A fast and reliable procedure to determine the copolymer composition by GPC-IR: application to ethylene/propylene copolymers and comparison with 13C NMR. Polym. Eng. Sci. 51, 317–322 (2011)
Suárez, I., Caballero, M.J., Coto, B.: Composition effects on ethylene/propylene copolymers studied by GPC-MALS and GPC-IR. Eur. Polym. J. 46, 42–49 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.09.005
Suárez, I., Caballero, M.J., Coto, B.: Characterization of ethylene/propylene copolymers by means of a GPC-4D technique, Eur. Polym. J. 47, 171–178 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.11.008
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fayzan Shakir, H.M., Anum, R. (2023). Modern Characterization Techniques for Functional Polymers. In: Shaker, K., Hafeez, A. (eds) Advanced Functional Polymers. Engineering Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0787-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0787-8_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-0786-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-0787-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)