Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intracranial Fungal Infections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Radiology of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases - Volume 1

  • 240 Accesses

Abstract

Cryptococcal infection of the central nervous system is caused by intracranial invasion of Cryptococcus novelis from the respiratory tract, which can present with an acute, subacute, or chronic fungal infection. It tends to occur in young people and predominant in males. New Cryptococcus species has a worldwide distribution and is commonly found in the feces of birds such as pigeons and soil and humic matter. Inhalation of aerosols containing cryptococci is the most common route of infection in humans. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus guttatus are the main pathogens of human cryptococcosis. Cryptococcus neoformans can be classified serologically into A, B, C, D, and A/D 5, of which serotypes B and C are Cryptococcus neoformans gert variants, A is the novel Cryptococcus grubii variant, and D is the de novo variant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wang YB, Shi YS, Zhang CY. A controlled clinical and imaging study of AIDS and non-AIDS associated novel cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Radiol Pract. 2012;27(9):932–6.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Qiu T, Zhu H, Wen H. Advances in the study of mechanisms associated with Cryptococcus invasion of the blood-brain barrier. Chin J Mycol. 2016;11(3):190–2.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Shih RY, Koeller KK. Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections of the central nervous system: radiologic-pathologic correlation and his- torical perspectives. Radiographics. 2015;35(4):1141–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Xiao H, Wang X, Xie F, et al. Differentiation of MRI signs of tuberculous meningitis from novel cryptococcal meningitis. J Tradit Chin Med. 2015;35(5):53–5.

    Google Scholar 

  5. You X. Application of a novel cryptococcus FQ-PCR detection system in an animal model of bloodstream infection (Master’s thesis). Shijiazhuang: Hebei Medical University; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Orlowski HLP, McWilliams S, Mellnick VM, et al. Imaging spectrum of invasive fungal and fungal-like infections. Radiographics. 2017;37(4):1119–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kawaguchi T, Sakurai K, Hara M, et al. Clinico-radiological features of subarachnoid hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted images in patients with meningitis. Clin Radiol. 2012;67(4):306–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Vidal JE, Boulware DR. Lateral flow assay for cryptococcal antigen: an important advance to improve the continuum of HIV care and reduce cryptococcal meningitis-related mortality. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2015;57(Suppl 19):38–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Huang HR, Fan LC, Rajbanshi B, et al. Evaluation of a new cryptococcal antigen lateral flow immunoassay in serum cerebrospinal fluid and urine for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0127117.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Tang X, Wang Y. Latex agglutination test in the early diagnosis of cryptococcal infections. Chin J Hosp Infect. 2018;28(17):2561–3.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Li Y, Li H. A case of AIDS-associated intracerebral aspergillus infection. Radiol Pract. 2012;27(9):1038–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu X, Lu S. Changing strategies for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis from an evidence-based medical perspective—2016 interpretation of the new edition of the American College of Infectious Diseases guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis. Chin J Antituberculosis. 2017;39(1):16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Liu Q, Yin S, Yi L, et al. Clinical and imaging features of Aspergillus encephalopathy. J Clin Neurol. 2014;27(2):130–2.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Oner AY, Celik H, Akpek S, et al. Central nervous system aspergillosis: magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy features. Acta Radiol. 2006;47(4):408–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Antulov R, Dolic K, Fruehwald-Pallamar J, et al. Differentiation of pyogenic and fungal brain abscesses with susceptibility-weighted MR sequences. Neuroradiology. 2014;56(11):937–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sun W, Wang K, Gao W, et al. Evaluation of PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: a bivariate metaanalysis systematic review. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu Z, He G, Dong W, et al. Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid PCR assay for invasive Aspergillus infection of the central nervous system—a systematic evaluation and bivariate meta analysis. Int J Cardiovasc. 2017;15(9):1041–5.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Yu H, Dong M, Cao S. Acute cerebral infarction due to nasal orbital cerebral trichomycosis 1 case. Chin J Stroke. 2013;8(4):281–4.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen J, et al. A typical case of mucor nasalis oculo-cerebralis and review of the literature. Chin J Pract Neurol Disord. 2014;17(18):141–2.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Li WD, Li YJ, Wang AP, et al. Isolated cerebral mucormycosis 1 case report and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosurg. 2013;10(6):371–2.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ghuman MS, Kaur S, Bhandal SK, et al. Bilateral optic nerve infarction in rhino-cerebral mucormycosis: a rare magnetic resonance imaging finding. Neurosci Rural Pract. 2015;6(3):403–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Altini C, Niccoli-Asabella A, Ferrari C, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT contribution to diagnosis and treatment response of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Hell J Nucl Med. 2015;18:68–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mao J, Li J, Chen D, et al. Significance of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of brain abscesses in premature infants with Candida albicans infection. Chin J Contemp Pediatr. 2011;13(8):621–6.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Zhu S, Han X, Qu Z, et al. Report of a case of intracranial Candida albicans infection and review of the literature. Chin Foreign Med. 2012;31(14):8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hu B, Chen H, Li S, et al. Candida albicans of the central nervous system in infants 5 examples and review of the literature. Chin J Pediatr. 2011;6(5):386–90.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Gao Y-Y, Yang S, Zhong W, et al. Candida albicans infections of the central nervous system 3 clinical features, imaging analysis and literature review of cases. Chin Clin Neurosci. 2016;24(3):311–7.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang SC. Cerebral candidiasis in a 4-year-old boy after intestinal Surgery. J Child Neurol. 2015;30(3):391–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lin DJ, Sacks A, Shen J, et al. Neurocandidiasis: a case report and consideration of the causes of restricted diffusion. J Radiol Case Rep. 2013;7(5):1–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang J, Yu P, Ge P, et al. Experimental analysis of gene microarray technology for the detection of clinically common pathogenic Candida and novel cryptococcus and ERG11 gene point mutations. Lab Med. 2018;8(33):742–8.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Su KC, Chou KT, Hsiao YH, et al. Measuring (1, 3)-beta-D-glucan in tracheal aspirate, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum for detection of suspected Candida pneumonia in immunocompromised and critically ill patients, a prospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):252.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Wu J, Zhu L. Advances in the epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis and management of coccidioidomycosis. Microbes Infect. 2017;12(1):44–9.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Reis F, Collier PP, Souza TF, et al. Neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Mycopathologia. 2013;175(1/2):181–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Souza PV, Pinto WB, Matas SL. Paracoccidioidomycosis: a rare cause of infectious encephalomyelopathy. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014;72(11):904–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Silva-Vergara ML, Rocha IH, Vasconcelos RR. Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis in an AIDS patient: case report. Mycopathologia. 2014;177(1/2):137–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Shih RY, Koeller KK. Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections of the central nervous system: radiologic-pathologic correlation and historical perspectives. Radiographics. 2015;35:1141–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kassis C, Zaidi S, Kuberski T, et al. Role of coccidioides antigen testing in the cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of coccidioidal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(10):1521–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang S, Wolf RL, Woo JH, et al. Actinomycotic brain infection: registered diffusion, perfusion MR imaging and MR spectroscopy. Neuroradiology. 2006;48(5):346–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Xiong Y, Liu D, Wu X, et al. A case of intracranial infection after traumatic brain injury caused by actinomyces septicum. J Clin Radiol. 2012;31(9):83.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zheng Y, Chu R, Tan S. Actinomycosis of the cerebral type. Chin J Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(6):59–60.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Heo SH, Shin SS, Kim JW, et al. Imaging of actinomycosis in various organs: a comprehensive review. Radiographics. 2014;34(1):19–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sun W, Hou X, Xu S, et al. Establishment of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the rapid identification of Nocardia spp. Microbes Infect. 2014;9(2):107–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Eid AJ, Leever JD, Husmann K, et al. Compartmentalized Histoplasma capsulatum infection of the central nervous system. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2015;2015:581415.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Trelkeld ZD, Broughton R, Khan GQ, et al. Isolated Histoplasma capsulatum meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent child. J Child Neurol. 2012;27(4):532–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Ramireddy S, Wanger A, Ostrosky L. An instructive case of CNS histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent host. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2012;1(1):69–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Babady NE, Buckwalter SP, Hall L, et al. Detection of Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum from culture isolates and clinical specimens by use of real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(9):3204–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Tang YW, Li H, Durkin MM, et al. Urine polymerase chain reaction is not as sensitive as urine antigen for the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;54(4):283–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China

    Bailu Liu, Lili Liu & Tingting Chen

  2. The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China

    Zhehao Lv

  3. The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

    Yulin He

  4. People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot, China

    Huimin Li

  5. The Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Harbin, China

    Liwei Fu

Authors
  1. Bailu Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhehao Lv
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yulin He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Huimin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lili Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Tingting Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Liwei Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Capital Medical University, Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, China

    Hongjun Li

  2. Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China

    Jian Wang

  3. Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

    Xuening Zhang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Science Press

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Liu, B. et al. (2023). Intracranial Fungal Infections. In: Li, H., Wang, J., Zhang, X. (eds) Radiology of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases - Volume 1. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0039-8_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0039-8_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-99-0038-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-99-0039-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation