Abstract
The core-level binding-energy shifts from that of an isolated atom upon interatomic interaction being involved. The exchange integral that is proportional to the single bond energy at equilibrium determines the amount of shift. The energy level shift is always positive unless polarization is involved. Atomic under-coordination induced quantum entrapment not only deepens the core level but also enlarges the electroaffinity of a substance. The latter represents the ability of the specimen holding electrons captured from its partner that has lower electronegativity. Non-bonding electron polarization not only lowers the work function but also splits and screens the local interatomic potential. Complementing STM/S and PES, ZPS collects coordination-resolved information of bond length, bond energy, binding-energy density, atomic cohesive energy and the extent of polarization at sites of defects, monolayer skins, terrace edges, hetero-junction interfaces.
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Sun, C.Q. (2014). Electrons: Entrapment and Polarization. In: Relaxation of the Chemical Bond. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 108. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-21-7_16
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