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Stress Cardiomyopathy

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Psychocardiology

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Abstract

In recent years, a novel syndrome of transient cardiac dysfunction and heart failure precipitated by emotional or physical stress has been described. Because patients with “stress cardiomyopathy” (SCM) typically present with chest pain, electrocardiographic abnormalities, elevated cardiac biomarkers and focal left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, it is perhaps not surprising that this condition was mistaken for many years for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It has become increasingly clear over the past decade, however, that both the clinical features and pathophysiology of SCM are distinct from those of an ACS. In contrast to the plaque rupture physiology of ACS that results in permanent myocardial necrosis, SCM is characterized by the absence of obstructive coronary disease in most cases and by completely reversible cardiac dysfunction. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the mechanism underlying this stress related “stunned” myocardium is enhanced sympathetic stimulation. Elevated plasma levels of catecholamines have been found in patients with SCM, and the syndrome has been associated with other conditions of catecholamine excess such as central neurologic injury and pheochromocytoma. Further, SCM can be precipitated by the intravenous administration of catecholamines and beta agonists. The precise mechanism in which enhanced sympathetic stimulation causes myocardial stunning in SCM remains unknown, but possibilities include either catecholamine mediated microcirculatory dysfunction or direct myocyte inhibition due to cyclic AMP mediated calcium overload. This chapter will review the clinical and diagnostic features of SCM, and the evidence supporting a sympathetically mediated pathogenesis will be presented. In addition, risk factors will be highlighted that may increase individual susceptibility to SCM by modulating myocyte and microvascular sensitivity to catecholamines.

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  1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 7125 Zayed Tower, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA

    Ilan S. Wittstein

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  1. Monash University, Victoria, Australia

    Marlies Alvarenga

  2. Australia National University, Canberra, Aust Capital Terr, Australia

    Don Byrne

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Wittstein, I.S. (2015). Stress Cardiomyopathy. In: Alvarenga, M., Byrne, D. (eds) Handbook of Psychocardiology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-53-5_44-1

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