Abstract
This brief note discusses the prospective court-connected mandatory mediation regime in Macau. The model will benefit from Macau’s legal culture while implementing a high-quality mediation regime.
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Notes
- 1.
For Spain, Cortina (2007, pp. 18ff) (hailing the benefits of cordial relations for building robust citizenship).
- 2.
See Nolan-Haley (2012, p. 61).
- 3.
This trend has been pointed out earlier by several scholars such as Kovach (2005, pp. 60–61) (arguing that the vanishing trial will lead to mediation becoming like arbitration).
- 4.
For this very reason, doctrine is advocating for a paradigm shift in the realms of justice, in which ADR (especially Mediation) will play a role of paramount importance; for Italy, Taruffo (2007 pp. 319–331); for Portugal, Costa e Silva (2008, pp. 735–736); for Germany, Gottwald (2001, pp. 137–155).
- 5.
One should not forget that Macau is ‘predominantly a Chinese society’. Tong (2015, pp. 1–80).
- 6.
‘China has maintained a negative bias against litigation and the social disharmony that accompanies it. This cultural tradition carried over to the sphere of international commerce and trade.’ Huang (2017, p. 423).
- 7.
Shiga (1988, pp. 18–26).
- 8.
This phenomenon has a perverse effect: the erosion of the trust theory (Vertrauenstheorie) which pervades Macau’s legal system in a holistic sense. In general, about the importance of trust in contractual relationships, Von Jhering (1881, pp. 327–425). For Italy, Marasco (2006, p. 18ff). The same relationship (Justice as a public service; trustworthiness and trust perceived by the service users. i.e. citizens who access the Judicial System on a regular basis) has been described in French doctrine; see Severin (2011, p. 54ff). The relationship between justice and trustworthiness was shown to be reciprocal; see Colquitt and Rodell (2011, p. 1183).
- 9.
Nolan-Haley (2018, pp. 386–392) (discusses the interplay between party autonomy, informed dispute resolution choices and informed consent in mediation).
- 10.
Fogel and Strong (2016, pp. 260–279) (highlighting, with the benefit of hindsight, the importance of dispute resolution education in mediation and litigation).
- 11.
Sander (2007, p. 16) (contending that mandatory mediation is a ‘kind of temporary expedient’).
- 12.
Dos Santos (2019, pp. 14–15).
- 13.
Nolan-Haley (2013, p. 157) (notes that ‘in fact, some lawyers are so familiar with the process that they have become skilled in mediation tricks−spinning the mediator, using mediation for discovery purposes, lying and transforming mediation into a legal process that fits more with their adversarial inclination’).
- 14.
Martins (2016, p. 256).
- 15.
Sunstein (2015, p. 415) (noting that if ‘we believe that the social ordering (including those forms for which government is responsible) is to promote social welfare …, we will favour welfare-promoting nudges’). Thaler and Sunstein (2009, passim) (by steering (better said: nudging) disputants in the direction they see procedurally fit, like mediation).
- 16.
Woolf (1995) (highlighting the importance of a costs rationale: ‘The court … will take into account whether the parties have unreasonably refused to try ADR or behaved unreasonably in the course of ADR’).
- 17.
Dunnet v Railtrack (2002) EWCA (Civ) 2003 (Eng.) (in which the Court applied Part 44 of the Civil Procedure Rules and refused the disputant’s legal costs due to the fact that he had refused to contemplate mediation in good faith prior to the appeal).
- 18.
Rampall and Feehily (2018, p. 354) (alluding to party autonomy as a guiding principle of dispute resolution).
- 19.
Eberle (2009, p. 452) (noting that ‘we need to excavate the underlying structure to understand better what the law really is and how it really functions within a society’).
- 20.
Bush and Folger (2004, pp. 1–304) (on transformative mediation and the quest for party empowerment).
- 21.
Winslade and Monk (2008, pp. 1–341) (‘The narrative mediation approach encourages the conflicting parties to tell their personal ‘story’ of the conflict and reach resolution through a profound understanding of the context of their individual stories’).
- 22.
Riskin (1996, pp. 7–49) (evaluative mediation assesses the weaknesses and strengths of the case or legal position thereby predicting the likelihood of success – or the lack thereof – of the latter and directing ‘some or all of the outcomes of the mediation’).
- 23.
Riskin (2003, p. 79ff) (in which Riskin revises his old grid, and deals with, the harsh criticism that it sparked in the dispute resolution field).
- 24.
Picard (2016, pp. 1–200) (‘Cheryl A. Picard, co-founder of insight mediation, explains how the theory of cognition presented in Bernard Lonergan’s Insight can be used as the basis for a learning-centred approach to conflict resolution’).
- 25.
Sander et al. (1996, pp. 885–887) (on the seminal distinction between coercion into mediation and coercion in mediation).
- 26.
Welsh (2001, p. 47) (contending that threats amount to coercion in mediation).
- 27.
Tantamount to the European Code of Conduct for Mediators Providers (2018) (stating that ‘this code of conduct sets out a number of principles to which mediation centres, institutes or other mediation providers may voluntarily decide to commit themselves’).
- 28.
Menkel-Meadow and Abramson (2011, pp. 305–338).
- 29.
Pound (1908, pp. 605–618) (on the paramount importance of enforcement in a given system of administration of justice).
- 30.
Article 13 of the Singapore Convention on Mediation reads as follows: ‘If a Party to the Convention has two or more territorial units in which different systems of law are applicable in relation to the matters dealt with in this Convention, it may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, declare that this Convention is to extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them, and may amend its declaration by submitting another declaration at any time.’
- 31.
Sussman (2018, p. 40ff) (brings forth an intriguing account of the objectives undergirding the Singapore Convention on Mediation).
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dos Santos, H.L. (2021). A Prospective Court-Connected Mandatory Mediation Regime in Macau: A Brief Note. In: Chan, P.C., van Rhee, C. (eds) Civil Case Management in the Twenty-First Century: Court Structures Still Matter. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 85. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4512-6_14
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