Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of power distribution networks. The description of the main components of a distribution network are given and various power flow models for the steady state analysis of distribution networks are formulated. The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources into the distribution level has transformed distribution networks into active ones. The basic functions of an advanced distribution management system for the control and monitoring of a distribution network are presented. Furthermore, methods for the operation of the network under normal and emergency operating conditions and for distribution network planning are presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
IEC 60038: IEC Standard Voltages, 6.2 edn. (IEC, Geneva 2002)
E. Lakervi, E.J. Holmes: Electricity Distribution Network Design, IEE Power Engineering Series, Vol. 21 (Peter Peregrines, London 1995)
T.A. Short: Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems (CRC, Boca Raton 2005)
W.H. Kersting: Distribution System Modeling and Analysis (CRC, Boca Raton 2012)
Schneider Electric: Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers (Schneider Electric, Rueil-Malmaison 2002)
IEEE: Load representation for dynamic performance analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 8(2), 472–482 (1993)
L.L. Grigsby: Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution (CRC, Boca Raton 2006)
M.E. Baran, F.F. Wu: Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing, IEEE Trans. Power Del. 4(2), 1401–1407 (1989)
M.E. Baran, F.F. Wu: Optimal sizing of capacitors placed on a radial distribution system, IEEE Trans. Power Del. 4(1), 735–743 (1989)
J.A. Taylor, F.S. Hover: Convex models of distribution system reconfiguration, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 27(3), 1407–1413 (2012)
M. Farivar, C.R. Clarke, S.H. Low, K.M. Chandy: Inverter VAR control for distribution systems with renewables. In: Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Grid Commun. (2011) pp. 457–462
M.S. Lobo, L. Vandenberghe, S. Boyd, H. Lebret: Applications of second-order cone programming, Linear Algebra Appl. 284, 193–228 (1998)
B.A. McCarl: GAMS User Guide, Version 23.8 (GAMS Corp, Fairfax 2012), available from http://www.gams.com
A. Drud: CONOPT: a GRG code for large sparse dynamic nonlinear optimization problems, Math. Program. 31(2), 153–191 (1985)
R. Zimmerman: Comprehensive Distribution Power Flow: Modeling, Formulation, Solution Algorithms and Analysis, Ph.D. Dissertation (Cornel Univ., Ithaca 1995) pp. 57–83
P.S. Georgilakis, N.D. Hatziargyriou: Optimal distributed generation placement in power distribution networks: models, methods, and future research, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 28(3), 3420–3428 (2013)
CIGRE TB 458: Electric Energy Storage Systems, Working Group C6.15 (CIGRE, Paris 2011)
CIGRE TB 475: Demand Side Integration (DSI), Working Group C6.09 (CIGRE, Paris 2011)
CIGRE TB 457: Development and Operation of Active Distribution Networks, Working Group C6.11 (CIGRE, Paris 2011)
M.F. Akorede, H. Hizam, E. Pouresmaeil: Distributed energy resources and benefits to the environment, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14(2), 724–734 (2010)
A. Labouret, M.I. Villoz: Solar Photovoltaic Energy, 4th edn. (IET, London 2009)
T. Markvart, L. Castañer: Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003)
S. Heier: Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (Wiley, Chicester 1998)
T. Ackermann: Wind Power in Power Systems (Wiley, New York 2005)
O. Paish: Small hydro power: technology and current status, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 6(6), 537–556 (2002)
Y. Zhu, K. Tomsovic: Development of models for analysing the load-following performance of microturbines and fuel cells, Electr. Power Syst. Res. 62(1), 1–11 (2002)
X. Luo, J. Wang, M. Dooner, J. Clarke: Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation, Appl. Energy 137, 511–536 (2015)
A. Evans, V. Strezov, T.J. Evans: Assessment of utility energy storage options for increased renewable energy penetration, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16(6), 4141–4147 (2012)
P. Siano: Demand response and smart grids—a survey, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 30, 461–478 (2014)
J.A.P. Lopes, N. Hatziargyriou, J. Mutale, P. Djapic, N. Jenkins: Integrating distributed generation into electric power systems: a review of drivers, challenges and opportunities, Electr. Power Syst. Res. 77(9), 1189–1203 (2007)
V.A. Evangelopoulos, P.S. Georgilakis, N.D. Hatziargyriou: Optimal operation of smart distribution networks: a review of models, methods and future research, Electr. Power Syst. Res. 140, 95–106 (2016)
CIGRE TB 678: Smart metering, regulatory aspects, standards and development status, Working Group C6.21 (CIGRE, Paris 2017)
U.S. DoE: Voices of Experience—Advanced Distribution Management Systems 2015)
S. Grillo, S. Massucco, F. Silvestro: A smart grid approach to distribution management systems (DMS) for electric networks. In: CIRED Workshop (2010)
M. Thomas, J. McDonald: Power System SCADA and Smart Grids (CRC, Boca Raton 2015)
D. Bailey, E. Wright: Practical SCADA for Industry (Oxford, Newnes 2003)
R.P. Gupta, S.C. Srivastava, R.K. Varma: Remote terminal units for distribution automation: development and commissioning experience, Int. J. Comput. Appl. 30(2), 80–91 (2008)
W. Jusoh, M. Ghani, M. Hanafiah, S. Raman: Remote terminal unit (RTU) hardware design and development for distribution automation system. In: Proc. 2014 IEEE Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Asia (ISGT ASIA) (2014) pp. 572–576
W. Bolton: Programmable Logic Controllers (Oxford, Newnes 2009)
G. Clarke, D. Reynders: Practical Modern SCADA Protocols—DNP3, 60870.5 and Related Systems (Newnes, Oxford 2004)
S. Mohagheghi, J. Stoupis, Z. Wang: Communication protocols and networks for power systems—current status and future trends. In: Proc. IEEE/PES Power Syst. Conf. Expo. (PSCE) (2009) pp. 1–9
CORDIS: Smart distribution System operaTion for mAximizing the INtegration of renewABLE generation (SuSTAINABLE), funded under: FP7-ENERGY-2012-7.1.1, grant agreement number 308755, start date: 01 Jan. 2013, end date: 31 Mar. 2016, available from https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/308755
I. Cobelo, A. Shafiu, N. Jenkins, G. Strbac: State estimation of networks with distributed generation, Eur. Trans. Electr. Power 17, 21–36 (2007)
R. Singh, B.C. Pal, R.A. Jabr: Choice of estimator for distribution system state estimation, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 3(7), 666–678 (2009)
G.N. Korres, N.D. Hatziargyriou, P.J. Katsikas: State estimation in multi-microgrids, Eur. Trans. Electr. Power 21(2), 1178–1199 (2011)
K. Samarakoon, J. Wu, J. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins: Use of delayed smart meter measurements for distribution state estimation. In: Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. General Meet. (2011), https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2011.6039384
F. Shabaninia, M. Vaziri, S. Vadhva, J. Vaziri: A novel state estimation formulation for distribution grids with renewable energy sources. In: Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. General Meet. (2012), https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345067
G.N. Korres, N.M. Manousakis: A state estimation algorithm for monitoring topology changes in distribution systems. In: Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. General Meet. (2012), https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345126
D. Atanackovic, V. Dabic: Deployment of real-time state estimator and load flow in BC Hydro DMS—Challenges and opportunities. In: Proc. 2013 IEEE Power Energy Soc. General Meet. (2013), https://doi.org/10.1109/PESMG.2013.6672408
M.Z. Degefa, R.J. Millar, M. Koivisto, M. Humayun, M. Lehtonen: Load flow analysis framework for active distribution networks based on smart meter reading system, Engineering 5, 1–8 (2013)
S. Lefebvre, J. Prevost, L. Lenoir: Distribution state estimation: a necessary requirement for the smart grid. In: Proc. IEEE PES General Meet. Conf. Expo (2014), https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2014.6939030
A. Primadianto, C.-N. Lu: A review on distribution system state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 32(5), 3875–3883 (2017)
Y. Gao, N. Yu: State estimation for unbalanced electric power distribution systems using AMI data. In: Proc. 8th IEEE Int. Conf. Innov. Smart Grid Technol. (ISGT) (2017), https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2017.8085999
M. Wache, D.C. Murray: Application of synchrophasor measurements for distribution networks. In: Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. General Meet. (2011), https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2011.6039337
M. Paolone, A. Borghetti, C.A. Nucci: On the measurement of synchrophasors in active distribution power networks. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Innov. Smart Grid Technol. (ISGT) (2011)
A.K. Ghosh, D.L. Lubkeman, R.H. Jones: Load modeling for distribution circuit state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Del. 12(2), 999–1005 (1997)
R. Arritt, R. Dugan: Comparing load estimation methods for distribution system analysis. In: Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. Exhib. Electr. Distrib. (2013), https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.0869
E. Manitsas, R. Singh, B.C. Pal, G. Strbac: Distribution system state estimation using an artificial neural network approach for pseudo measurement modeling, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 27(4), 1888–1896 (2012)
V. Miranda, J. Pereira, J.T. Saraiva: Load allocation in DMS with a fuzzy state estimator, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 15(2), 529–534 (2000)
J. Wan, K.N. Miu: Weighted least squares methods for load estimation in distribution networks, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 18(4), 1338–1345 (2003)
A.T. Saric, A. Rankovic: Load reallocation based algorithm for state estimation in distribution networks with distributed generators, Electr. Power Syst. Res. 84, 72–82 (2012)
T.C. Xygkis, G.D. Karlis, I.K. Siderakis, G.N. Korres: Use of near real-time and delayed smart meter data for distribution system load and state estimation. In: Proc. 9th Mediterr. Conf. Power Gener. Transm. Distrib. Energy Convers. (2014)
A. Abur, A.G. Exposito: Power System State Estimation—Theory and Implementation (Marcel Dekker, New York 2004)
G.N. Korres, G.C. Contaxis: Identification and updating of minimally dependent sets of measurements in state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 6(3), 999–1005 (1991)
N.C. Koutsoukis, D.O. Siagkas, P.S. Georgilakis, N.D. Hatziargyriou: Online reconfiguration of active distribution networks for maximum integration of distributed generation, IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 14(2), 437–448 (2017)
J. Northcote-Green, R.G. Wilson: Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distribution Systems (CRC, Boca Raton 2007)
A. Zidan, M. Khairalla, A.M. Abdrabou, T. Khalifa, K. Shaban, A. Abdrabou, R. El Shatshat, M. Gaouda: Fault detection, isolation, and service restoration in distribution systems: state-of-the-art and future trends, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 8(5), 2170–2185 (2017)
C.S. Chen, C.H. Lin, H.Y. Tsai: A rule-based expert system with colored Petri net models for distribution system service restoration, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 17(4), 1073–1080 (2002)
M.-S. Tsai: Development of an object-oriented service restoration expert system with load variations, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 23(1), 219–225 (2008)
M.R. Kleinberg, K. Miu, H.-D. Chiang: Improving service restoration of power distribution systems through load curtailment of in-service customers, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 26(3), 1110–1117 (2011)
R. Pérez, G. Heydt, N. Jack, A. Castelhano: Optimal restoration of distribution systems using dynamic programming, IEEE Trans. Power Del. 23(3), 1589–1596 (2008)
D.S. Sanches, J.B.A. London Jr, A.C.B. Delbem: Multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for single and multiple fault service restoration in large-scale distribution systems, Electr. Power Syst. Res. 110, 144–153 (2014)
A. Augugliaro, L. Dusonchet, E.R. Sanseverino: Multiobjective service restoration in distribution network using an evolutionary approach and fuzzy sets, Electr. Power Energy Syst. 22, 103–110 (2000)
A. Botea, J. Rintanen, D. Banerjee: Optimal reconfiguration for supply restoration with informed A* search, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 3(2), 583–593 (2012)
P.L. Cavalcante, J.C. López, J.F. Franco, M.J. Rider, A.V. Garcia, M.R.R. Malveira, L.L. Martins, L.C.M. Direito: Centralized self-healing scheme for electrical distribution systems, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 7(1), 145–155 (2016)
R.A. Romero, J.F. Franco, F.B. Leão, M.J. Rider, E.S. Souza: A new mathematical model for the restoration problem in balanced radial distribution systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 31(2), 1259–1268 (2016)
N.C. Koutsoukis, P.A. Karafotis, P.S. Georgilakis, N.D. Hatziargyriou: Optimal service restoration of power distribution networks considering voltage regulation. In: Proc. IEEE PowerTech Conf. (2017)
P.S. Georgilakis, N.D. Hatziargyriou: A review of power distribution planning in the modern power systems era: models, methods and future research, Electr. Power Syst. Res. 121, 89–100 (2015)
CIGRE TB 591: Planning and optimization methods for active distribution systems, Working Group C6.19 (CIGRE, Paris 2013)
N.C. Koutsoukis, P.S. Georgilakis, N.D. Hatziargyriou: Multistage coordinated planning of active distribution networks, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 33(1), 32–44 (2018)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix: Load and Line Data of Distribution Networks
Appendix: Load and Line Data of Distribution Networks
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Koutsoukis, N.C., Georgilakis, P.S., Korres, G.N., Hatziargyriou, N.D. (2021). Distribution Systems. In: Papailiou, K.O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Power Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9938-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9938-2_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-32-9937-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-32-9938-2
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)