Abstract
Skin cancer incidence is increasing. The WHO reports between 2 and 3 million non-melanoma skin cancers and 132,000 melanoma skin cancers globally each year, while 1 in every 3 cancers diagnosed is a skin cancer. Several factors are responsible for skin cancer incidence, and some of them are more easily treated than others. Furthermore, as social and contextual factors within communities can often hinder UV exposure reduction (e.g., the societal promotion of tanning), primary prevention is not always sufficient. Early detection and treatments can be remarkably improved through a better understanding of the molecular events activated after UV radiation reaches human cells. As such, this chapter aims to evidence how basic research regarding the effects of UV radiation on the human genetic material works to improve diagnostic tests and the treatment of skin cancer, thus improving the patient’s quality of life and reducing fatalities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adami H, Day N, Trichopoulos D, Willett W (2001) Primary and secondary prevention in the reduction of cancer morbidity and mortality. Eur J Cancer 37:118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00262-3
Benjamin C, Ananthaswamy H (2007) p53 and the pathogenesis of skin cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 224(3):241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.006
Bertolin A, Mansilla S, Gottifredi V (2015) The identification of translesion DNA synthesis regulators: inhibitors in the spotlight. DNA Repair 32:158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.04.027
Britt A (2002) Repair of damaged bases. Arabidopsis Book 1:e0005. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.005
Brown K, Rumgay H, Dunlop C, Ryan M, Quartly F, Cox A et al (2018) The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015. Br J Cancer 118(8):1130–1141. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0029-6
Chang C, Murzaku E, Penn L, Abbasi N, Davis P, Berwick M, Polsky D (2014) More skin, more sun, more tan, more melanoma. Am J Public Health 104(11):e92–e99. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2014.302185
Chen Y, Hunter D (2005) Molecular epidemiology of cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 55(1):45–54. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.55.1.45
Ciccia A, Elledge S (2010) The DNA damage response: making it safe to play with knives. Mol Cell 40(2):179–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.09.019
Cruet-Hennequart S, Gallagher K, Sokòl AM, Villalan S, Prendergast ÁM, Carty MP (2010) DNA polymerase η, a key protein in translesion synthesis in human cells. In: Genome stability and human diseases. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 189–209
Dennis L, Vanbeek M, Beane Freeman L, Smith B, Dawson D, Coughlin J (2008) Sunburns and risk of cutaneous melanoma: does age matter? A comprehensive meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol 18(8):614–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.04.006
Federico M, Vallerga M, Radl A, Paviolo N, Bocco J, Di Giorgio M et al (2016) Chromosomal integrity after UV irradiation requires FANCD2-mediated repair of double strand breaks. PLoS Genet 12(1):e1005792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005792
Fernandez-Capetillo O, Mahadevaiah S, Celeste A, Romanienko P, Camerini-Otero R, Bonner W et al (2003) H2AX is required for chromatin remodeling and inactivation of sex chromosomes in male mouse meiosis. Dev Cell 4(4):497–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00093-5
Figueroa-González G, Pérez-Plasencia C (2017) Strategies for the evaluation of DNA damage and repair mechanisms in cancer. Oncol Lett 13(6):3982–3988. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6002
From Australia to Brazil: sun worshippers beware (2009) Bull World Health Organ 87(8):574–576. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.09.030809
Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza M, Pasquini P, Picconi O, Boyle P, Melchi C (2005) Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer 41(1):45–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2004.10.016
Gordon L, Rowell D (2015) Health system costs of skin cancer and cost-effectiveness of skin cancer prevention and screening. Eur J Cancer Prev 24(2):141–149. https://doi.org/10.1097/cej.0000000000000056
Gorgoulis V, Vassiliou L, Karakaidos P, Zacharatos P, Kotsinas A, Liloglou T et al (2005) Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions. Nature 434(7035):907–913. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03485
Greinert R (2009) Skin cancer: new markers for better prevention. Pathobiology 76(2):64–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000201675
Griffiths H, Mistry P, Herbert K, Lunec J (1998) Molecular and cellular effects of ultraviolet light-induced genotoxicity. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 35(3):189–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408369891234192
Iannacone M, Green A (2014) Towards skin cancer prevention and early detection: evolution of skin cancer awareness campaigns in Australia. Melanoma Manag 1(1):75–84. https://doi.org/10.2217/mmt.14.6
Ikehata H, Ono T (2011) The mechanisms of UV mutagenesis. J Radiat Res 52(2):115–125. https://doi.org/10.1269/jrr.10175
Ismail F, Ikram M, Purdie K, Harwood C, Leigh I, Storey A (2011) Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the DNA damage response: pATM expression patterns in pre-malignant and malignant keratinocyte skin lesions. PLoS One 6(7):e21271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021271
Jackson S, Bartek J (2009) The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease. Nature 461(7267):1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08467
Kim I, He Y (2014) Ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer: regulation of DNA damage repair and inflammation. Genes Dis 1(2):188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2014.08.005
Kirsch D (2015) Biomarkers for predicting radiation response. Semin Radiat Oncol 25(4):225–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2015.05.011
Mitchell D (2018) Canada moves to ban indoor tanning in kids under 18. Emax Health, White Plains
Moan J, Dahlback A (1992) The relationship between skin cancers, solar radiation and ozone depletion. Br J Cancer 65(6):916–921. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1992.192
Narayanan D, Saladi R, Fox J (2010) Review: ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Int J Dermatol 49(9):978–986. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04474.x
Nikolaishvilli-Feinberg N, Cohen S, Midkiff B, Zhou Y, Olorvida M, Ibrahim J et al (2013) Development of DNA damage response signaling biomarkers using automated, quantitative image analysis. J Histochem Cytochem 62(3):185–196. https://doi.org/10.1369/0022155413516469
Norval M, Lucas R, Cullen A, de Gruijl F, Longstreth J, Takizawa Y, van der Leun J (2011) The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 10(2):199. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90044c
Ohnaka T (1993) Health effects of ultraviolet radiation. Ann Physiol Anthropol 12(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.2114/ahs1983.12.1
Pray L (2008) Discovery of DNA structure and function: Watson and Crick. Nat Educ 1:1
Roy S (2017) Impact of UV radiation on genome stability and human health. In: Ultraviolet light in human health, diseases and environment. Springer, Cham, pp 207–219
Schlacher K, Christ N, Siaud N, Egashira A, Wu H, Jasin M (2011) Double-strand break repair-independent role for BRCA2 in blocking stalled replication fork degradation by MRE11. Cell 145(4):529–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.041
Speroni J, Federico M, Mansilla S, Soria G, Gottifredi V (2012) Kinase-independent function of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) in the replication of damaged DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(19):7344–7349. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116345109
Spivak G (2015) Nucleotide excision repair in humans. DNA Repair 36:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.09.003
Stark J (2009) Tanning salons are fading fast. THE AGE. http://theage.com.au
UNEP (1998) Ozone layer-climate change interactions. Influence on UV levels and UV related effects. Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 1998 assessment
UNEP/WG 160 (1987) Fifth meeting of the Working Group for Scientific and Technical Co-operation for MED POL
Vallerga M, Mansilla S, Federico M, Bertolin A, Gottifredi V (2015) Rad51 recombinase prevents Mre11 nuclease-dependent degradation and excessive PrimPol-mediated elongation of nascent DNA after UV radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(48):E6624–E6633. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508543112
Wang H, Zhang X, Teng L, Legerski R (2015) DNA damage checkpoint recovery and cancer development. Exp Cell Res 334(2):350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.011
Warters R, Adamson P, Pond C, Leachman S (2005) Melanoma cells express elevated levels of phosphorylated histone H2AX foci. J Investig Dermatol 124(4):807–817. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23674.x
World Health Organization. Office of Global and Integrated Environmental Health (1995) Health and environmental effects of ultraviolet radiation: a summary of environmental health criteria 160, ultraviolet radiation. World Health Organization, Geneva
Yajima H, Lee K, Zhang S, Kobayashi J, Chen B (2009) DNA double-strand break formation upon UV-induced replication stress activates ATM and DNA-PKcs kinases. J Mol Biol 385(3):800–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.036
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Dr. Vanesa Gottifredi, Head of the Cell Cycle and Genomic Stability Laboratory at Leloir Institute, for being an excellent mentor and transmitting me her knowledge about DNA damage response and UV radiation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Federico, M.B. (2020). SDG 3 Good Health and Well-Being. In: Franco, I., Chatterji, T., Derbyshire, E., Tracey, J. (eds) Actioning the Global Goals for Local Impact. Science for Sustainable Societies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9927-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9927-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-32-9926-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-32-9927-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)