Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Acceptance Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Integrating Traditional with Digital Treatment Approaches

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Anxiety Disorders

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1191))

Abstract

Anxiety disorders are an enormous societal burden given their high lifetime prevalence among adult populations worldwide. A variety of anxiety disorders can be successfully treated with psychological treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), either as stand-alone individual or group treatment or as adjunctive treatment to pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence suggests that therapist-guided Internet-delivered CBT (iCBT) and, to some degree, digitalized mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions may be an efficacious complement to traditional face-to-face therapy. In view of the current advances regarding the integration of traditional and innovative treatment approaches, this chapter provides an overview on the theory and evidence base for different delivery modes of CBT-related interventions for specific phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in adults. Finally, implications for clinical practice and research will be derived, and future directions for the psychological treatment of anxiety disorders will be outlined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17:327–35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Bandelow B, Reitt M, Röver C, Michaelis S, Görlich Y, Wedekind D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30:183–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000078.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bystritsky A, Khalsa SS, Cameron ME, Schiffman J. Current diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders. P T. 2013;38:30–57.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Hofmann SG, Asnaani A, Vonk IJJ, Sawyer AT, Fang A. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cogn Ther Res. 2012;36:427–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Fenn K, Byrne M. The key principles of cognitive behavioural therapy. InnovAiT. 2013;6:579–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755738012471029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dymond S, Roche B. A contemporary behavior analysis of anxiety and avoidance. Behav Anal. 2009;32:7–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Kaczkurkin AN, Foa EB. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17:337–46.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: Penguin; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Fang A. The empirical status of the “New Wave” of CBT. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010;33:701–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Hofmann SG, Gómez AF. Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017;40:739–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Hayes SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behav Ther. 2004;35:639–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80013-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hayes SC, Hofmann SG. The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process-based care. World Psych. 2017;16:245–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10:144–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Feliu-Soler A, Cebolla A, McCracken LM, D’Amico F, Knapp M, López-Montoyo A, et al. Economic impact of third-wave cognitive behavioral therapies: a systematic review and quality assessment of economic evaluations in randomized controlled trials. Behav Ther. 2018;49:124–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD, Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Linehan M. DBT skills training manual. New York: The Guilford Press; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wells A. Meta-cognition and worry: a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother. 1995;23:301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465800015897.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Apolinário-Hagen J, Salewski C. Internet-based mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder. In: Kim Y-K, editor. Understanding depression: Volume 2. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment: Springer; 2018. p. 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_22.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Edenfield TM, Saeed SA. An update on mindfulness meditation as a self-help treatment for anxiety and depression. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2012;5:131–41. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S34937.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Goldberg SB, Tucker RP, Greene PA, Davidson RJ, Wampold BE, Kearney DJ, Simpson TL. Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Shapero BG, Greenberg J, Pedrelli P, de Jong M, Desbordes G. Mindfulness-based interventions in psychiatry. Focus Am Psychiatr Publ. 2018;16:32–9. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20170039.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Demarzo MMP, Montero-Marin J, Cuijpers P, Zabaleta-del-Olmo E, Mahtani KR, Vellinga A, et al. The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in primary care: a meta-analytic review. Ann Fam Med. 2015;13:573–82. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1863.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Keng S-L, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:1041–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Khoury B, Sharma M, Rush SE, Fournier C. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2015;78:519–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Janssen M, Heerkens Y, Kuijer W, van der Heijden B, Engels J. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on employees’ mental health: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0191332. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Cavanagh K, Strauss C, Forder L, Jones F. Can mindfulness and acceptance be learnt by self-help?: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness and acceptance-based self-help interventions. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34:118–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Khoury B, Lecomte T, Fortin G, Masse M, Therien P, Bouchard V, et al. Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33:763–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:615–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.615.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D. The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78:169–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, Hayden JA, Stewart SH. Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD011565. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011565.pub2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Spijkerman MPJ, Pots WTM, Bohlmeijer ET. Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: a review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;45:102–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35:502–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22728.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Margraf J. Hintergründe und Entwicklung. In: Lehrbuch der Verhaltenstherapie. p. 3–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79541-4.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Beck AT. Thinking and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1963;9:324. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: Penguin; 1979, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RL. Anxiety disorders and phobias: a cognitive perspective/Aaron T. Beck and Gary Emery with Ruth L. Greenberg; [with a new preface by Aaron T. Beck]. 15th ed. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Deacon BJ, Abramowitz JS. Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: a review of meta-analytic findings. J Clin Psychol. 2004;60:429–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Horowitz JD, Powers MB, Telch MJ. Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:1021–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kasper S. Anxiety disorders: under-diagnosed and insufficiently treated. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2006;10(Suppl 1):3–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651500600552297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Musiat P, Tarrier N. Collateral outcomes in e-mental health: a systematic review of the evidence for added benefits of computerized cognitive behavior therapy interventions for mental health. Psychol Med. 2014;44:3137–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Andersson G, Titov N. Advantages and limitations of internet-based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psych. 2014;13:4–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Apolinrio-Hagen J, Harrer M, Kählke F, Fritsche L, Salewski C, Ebert DD. Public attitudes toward guided internet-based therapies: web-based survey study. JMIR Ment Health. 2018;5:e10735. https://doi.org/10.2196/10735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Apolinario-Hagen JA, Tasseit S. Access to psychotherapy in the era of web 2.0 – New Media, old inequalities?: Zugang zur Psychotherapie in der Ära des Web 2.0 – Neue Medien, Alte Ungleichheiten? Int J Heal Prof. 2015;2:179. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijhp-2015-0010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Baumeister H, Reichler L, Munzinger M, Lin J. The impact of guidance on Internet-based mental health interventions — a systematic review. Internet Interv. 2014;1:205–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2014.08.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Fogliati VJ, Dear BF, Staples LG, Terides MD, Sheehan J, Johnston L, et al. Disorder-specific versus transdiagnostic and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for panic disorder and comorbid disorders: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;39:88–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Erbe D, Eichert H-C, Riper H, Ebert DD. Blending face-to-face and internet-based interventions for the treatment of mental disorders in adults: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19:e306. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6588.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, Beck AT. The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26:17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Deacon BJ. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: a review of meta-analytic findings. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010;33:557–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Norton PJ, Price EC. A meta-analytic review of adult cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195:521–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Otto MW, McHugh RK, Kantak KM. Combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: medication effects, glucocorticoids, and attenuated treatment outcomes. Clin Psychol NY. 2010;17:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01198.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Tolin DF. Is cognitive-behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:710–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Reinholt N, Krogh J. Efficacy of transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published outcome studies. Cogn Behav Ther. 2014;43:171–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2014.897367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Andrews G, Basu A, Cuijpers P, Craske MG, McEvoy P, English CL, Newby JM. Computer therapy for the anxiety and depression disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: an updated meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Andrews G, Cuijpers P, Craske MG, McEvoy P, Titov N. Computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2010;5:e13196. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Peñate W, Fumero A. A meta-review of Internet computer-based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. J Telemed Telecare. 2016;22:3–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X15586491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mayo-Wilson E, Montgomery P. Media-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural therapy (self-help) for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Datab Syst Rev. 2013:CD005330. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005330.pub4.

  58. Andersson G, Cuijpers P, Carlbring P, Riper H, Hedman E. Guided internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psych. 2014;13:288–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Mewton L, Smith J, Rossouw P, Andrews G. Current perspectives on Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with anxiety and related disorders. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2014;7:37–46. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S40879.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Carlbring P, Andersson G, Cuijpers P, Riper H, Hedman-Lagerlöf E. Internet-based vs face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther. 2018;47:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2017.1401115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Domhardt M, Geßlein H, von Rezori RE, Baumeister H. Internet- and mobile-based interventions for anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review of intervention components. Depress Anxiety. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Dear BF, Staples LG, Terides MD, Fogliati VJ, Sheehan J, Johnston L, et al. Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder and comorbid disorders: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;42:30–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Dear BF, Staples LG, Terides MD, Karin E, Zou J, Johnston L, et al. Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid disorders: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;36:63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.09.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Titov N, Dear B, Nielssen O, Staples L, Hadjistavropoulos H, Nugent M, et al. ICBT in routine care: a descriptive analysis of successful clinics in five countries. Internet Interv. 2018;13:108–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2018.07.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Maples-Keller JL, Bunnell BE, Kim S-J, Rothbaum BO. The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2017;25:103–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000138.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Sucala M, Cuijpers P, Muench F, Cardoș R, Soflau R, Dobrean A, et al. Anxiety: there is an app for that. A systematic review of anxiety apps. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34:518–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. van Ameringen M, Turna J, Khalesi Z, Pullia K, Patterson B. There is an app for that! The current state of mobile applications (apps) for DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and mood disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34:526–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22657.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Grös DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:298–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. McMurtry CM, Noel M, Taddio A, Antony MM, Asmundson GJG, Riddell RP, et al. Interventions for individuals with high levels of needle fear: systematic review of randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Clin J Pain. 2015;31:S109–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000273.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. McMurtry CM, Taddio A, Noel M, Antony MM, Chambers CT, Asmundson GJG, et al. Exposure-based Interventions for the management of individuals with high levels of needle fear across the lifespan: a clinical practice guideline and call for further research. Cogn Behav Ther. 2016;45:217–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2016.1157204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Arroll B, Wallace HB, Mount V, Humm SP, Kingsford DW. A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments for acrophobia. Med J Aust. 2017;206:263–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Choy Y, Fyer AJ, Lipsitz JD. Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:266–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Andersson G, Waara J, Jonsson U, Malmaeus F, Carlbring P, Ost L-G. Internet-based self-help versus one-session exposure in the treatment of spider phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Cogn Behav Ther. 2009;38:114–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070902931326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Andersson G, Waara J, Jonsson U, Malmaeus F, Carlbring P, Ost L-G. Internet-based exposure treatment versus one-session exposure treatment of snake phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Cogn Behav Ther. 2013;42:284–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2013.844202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. da Costa RT, Sardinha A, Nardi AE. Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of fear of flying. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008;79:899–903.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Quero S, Campos D, Riera Del Amo A, Bretón-López J, Tortella-Feliu M, Baños RM, Botella C. NO-FEAR airlines: a computer-aided self-help treatment for flying phobia. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2015;219:197–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Campos D, Mira A, Bretón-López J, Castilla D, Botella C, Baños RM, Quero S. The acceptability of an Internet-based exposure treatment for flying phobia with and without therapist guidance: patients’ expectations, satisfaction, treatment preferences, and usability. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:879–92. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S153041.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Bandelow B. Comparison of the DSM-5 and ICD-10: panic and other anxiety disorders. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:404–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852917000116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Clark DM. A cognitive approach to panic. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24:461–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Starcevic V, Castle DJ. Anxiety disorders. In: Fink G, editor. Stress: concepts cognition emotion and behavior: Elsevier; 2016. p. 203–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00024-8.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Kupfer DJ. Anxiety and DSM-5. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17:245–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Casey LM, Oei TPS, Newcombe PA. An integrated cognitive model of panic disorder: the role of positive and negative cognitions. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24:529–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.01.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rayburn NR, Otto MW. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder: a review of treatment elements, strategies, and outcomes. CNS Spectr. 2003;8:356–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Otto MW, Deveney C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and the treatment of panic disorder: efficacy and strategies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(Suppl 4):28–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. McHugh RK, Smits JAJ, Otto MW. Empirically supported treatments for panic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009;32:593–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Goldberg C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic: effectiveness and limitations. Psychiatry Q. 1998;69:23–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Freire RC, Zugliani MM, Garcia RF, Nardi AE. Treatment-resistant panic disorder: a systematic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17:159–68. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2016.1109628.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Pompoli A, Furukawa TA, Imai H, Tajika A, Efthimiou O, Salanti G. Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD011004. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011004.pub2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Hofmann SG, Smits JAJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:621–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Ougrin D. Efficacy of exposure versus cognitive therapy in anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:200. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-200.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Pompoli A, Furukawa TA, Efthimiou O, Imai H, Tajika A, Salanti G. Dismantling cognitive-behaviour therapy for panic disorder: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2018;48:1945–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717003919.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Otto MW, Tolin DF, Nations KR, Utschig AC, Rothbaum BO, Hofmann SG, Smits JAJ. Five sessions and counting: considering ultra-brief treatment for panic disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:465–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21910.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Porter E, Chambless DL. A systematic review of predictors and moderators of improvement in cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;42:179–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Imai H, Tajika A, Chen P, Pompoli A, Furukawa TA. Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults. England; 2016 Oct 12.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Apolinário-Hagen J. Internet-delivered psychological treatment options for panic disorder: a review on their efficacy and acceptability. Psych Invest. 2018; https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2018.06.26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Andersen P, Toner P, Bland M, McMillan D. Effectiveness of transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2016;44:673–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465816000229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Arnberg FK, Linton SJ, Hultcrantz M, Heintz E, Jonsson U. Internet-delivered psychological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of their efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. PLoS One. 2014;9:e98118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Newby JM, Twomey C, Yuan Li SS, Andrews G. Transdiagnostic computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;199:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Newby JM, Mewton L, Andrews G. Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression in primary care. J Anxiety Disord. 2017;46:25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Păsărelu CR, Andersson G, Bergman Nordgren L, Dobrean A. Internet-delivered transdiagnostic and tailored cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cogn Behav Ther. 2017;46:1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2016.1231219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Bergström J, Andersson G, Ljótsson B, Rück C, Andréewitch S, Karlsson A, et al. Internet-versus group-administered cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder in a psychiatric setting: a randomised trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Bergström J, Andersson G, Karlsson A, Andréewitch S, Rück C, Carlbring P, Lindefors N. An open study of the effectiveness of Internet treatment for panic disorder delivered in a psychiatric setting. Nord J Psychiatry. 2009;63:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480802191132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Bruinsma A, Kampman M, Exterkate CC, Hendriks GJ. Een verkennende studie naar blended cognitieve gedragstherapie voor paniek-stoornis: Resultaten en patiëntervaringen. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2016;58:361–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kiropoulos LA, Klein B, Austin DW, Gilson K, Pier C, Mitchell J, Ciechomski L. Is internet-based CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia as effective as face-to-face CBT? J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22:1273–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Christoforou M, Sáez Fonseca JA, Tsakanikos E. Two novel cognitive behavioral therapy-based mobile apps for agoraphobia: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19:e398. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7747.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. van Singer M, Chatton A, Khazaal Y. Quality of smartphone apps related to panic disorder. Front Psych. 2015;6:96. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Roth DA, Heimberg RG. Cognitive-behavioral models of social anxiety disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001;24:753–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hofmann SG. Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: a comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cogn Behav Ther. 2007;36:193–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701421313.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Hofmann SG. Treatment of social phobia: potential mediators and moderators. Clin Psychol NY. 2000;7:3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Canton J, Scott KM, Glue P. Optimal treatment of social phobia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2012;8:203–15. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S23317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Gould RA, Buckminster S, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Massachusetts LY. Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social phobia: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1997;4:291–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00123.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Mayo-Wilson E, Dias S, Mavranezouli I, Kew K, Clark DM, Ades AE, Pilling S. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1:368–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70329-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Acarturk C, Cuijpers P, van Straten A, de Graaf R. Psychological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2009;39:241–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003590.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Kampmann IL, Emmelkamp PMG, Morina N. Meta-analysis of technology-assisted interventions for social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;42:71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Boettcher J, Carlbring P, Renneberg B, Berger T. Internet-based interventions for social anxiety disorder - an overview. Verhaltenstherapie. 2013;23:160–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Chesham RK, Malouff JM, Schutte NS. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety. Behav Chang. 2018;35:152–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2018.15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Alyami M, Giri B, Alyami H, Sundram F. Social anxiety apps: a systematic review and assessment of app descriptors across mobile store platforms. Evid Based Ment Health. 2017;20:65–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2017-102664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Stolz T, Schulz A, Krieger T, Vincent A, Urech A, Moser C, et al. A mobile app for social anxiety disorder: A three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing mobile and PC-based guided self-help interventions. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018;86:493–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Hirsch CR, Mathews A. A cognitive model of pathological worry. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50:636–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.007.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Borkovec TD, Alcaine OM, Behar E. Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In: Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2004. p. 77–108.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Newman MG, Llera SJ. A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: a review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:371–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Newman MG, Llera SJ, Erickson TM, Przeworski A, Castonguay LG. Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: a review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:275–97. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Behar E, DiMarco ID, Hekler EB, Mohlman J, Staples AM. Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): conceptual review and treatment implications. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:1011–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Buhr K, Dugas MJ. The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40:931–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole S, Huibers M, Berking M, Andersson G. Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34:130–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Hall J, Kellett S, Berrios R, Bains MK, Scott S. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24:1063–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.06.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Titov N, Andersson G, Paxling B. ICBT in psychiatry: generalised anxiety disorder. In: Lindefors N, Andersson G, editors. Guided internet-based treatments in psychiatry. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06083-5_5.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  129. Mewton L, Wong N, Andrews G. The effectiveness of internet cognitive behavioural therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in clinical practice. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:843–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Jones SL, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Soucy JN. A randomized controlled trial of guided internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with generalized anxiety. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;37:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Allen NB, Chambers R, Knight W. Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: a review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40:285–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01794.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2004;11:230–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Teasdale JD, Segal Z, Williams JM. How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:25–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Gaynor K. A critical review of mindfulness-based psychological treatments for worry and rumination. OA Behav Med. 2014;2

    Google Scholar 

  135. Shonin E, van Gordon W, Griffiths MD. Mindfulness-based interventions: towards mindful clinical integration. Front Psychol. 2013; https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00194.

  136. Shapiro SL, Carlson LE, Astin JA, Freedman B. Mechanisms of mindfulness. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62:373–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Khusid MA, Vythilingam M. The emerging role of mindfulness meditation as effective self-management strategy, Part 1: Clinical implications for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety. Mil Med. 2016;181:961–8. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00677.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Michalak J, Heidenreich T, Williams JMG. Achtsamkeit: Fortschritte der Psychotherapie 48. 1st ed. Hogrefe Verlag: Göttingen; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Blanck P, Perleth S, Heidenreich T, Kröger P, Ditzen B, Bents H, Mander J. Effects of mindfulness exercises as stand-alone intervention on symptoms of anxiety and depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2018;102:25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.12.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Treanor M. The potential impact of mindfulness on exposure and extinction learning in anxiety disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:617–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Brake CA, Sauer-Zavala S, Boswell JF, Gallagher MW, Farchione TJ, Barlow DH. Mindfulness-based exposure strategies as a transdiagnostic mechanism of change: an exploratory alternating treatment design. Behav Ther. 2016;47:225–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Creswell JD. Mindfulness interventions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2017;68:491–516. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Dobkin PL, Irving JA, Amar S. For whom may participation in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program be contraindicated? Mindfulness. 2012;3:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0079-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Farias M, Wikholm C. Has the science of mindfulness lost its mind? BJPsych Bull. 2016;40:329–32. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.116.053686.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Xie J-F, Zhou J-D, Gong L-N, Iennaco JD, Ding S-Q. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the intervention of psychiatric disorders: a review. Int J Nurs Sci. 2014;1:232–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2014.05.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. MacKenzie MB, Kocovski NL. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: trends and developments. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2016;9:125–32. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S63949.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Sipe WEB, Eisendrath SJ. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: theory and practice. Can J Psychiatr. 2012;57:63–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Parsons CE, Crane C, Parsons LJ, Fjorback LO, Kuyken W. Home practice in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of participants’ mindfulness practice and its association with outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2017;95:29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Alsubaie M, Abbott R, Dunn B, Dickens C, Keil TF, Henley W, Kuyken W. Mechanisms of action in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in people with physical and/or psychological conditions: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;55:74–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. van der Velden AM, Kuyken W, Wattar U, Crane C, Pallesen KJ, Dahlgaard J, et al. A systematic review of mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;37:26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Gu J, Strauss C, Bond R, Cavanagh K. How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;37:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Desrosiers A, Vine V, Klemanski DH, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Mindfulness and emotion regulation in depression and anxiety: common and distinct mechanisms of action. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:654–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22124.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Sado M, Park S, Ninomiya A, Sato Y, Fujisawa D, Shirahase J, Mimura M. Feasibility study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders in a Japanese setting. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:653. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3744-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Evans S. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. In: Eisendrath SJ, editor. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Innovative applications. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 145–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29866-5_13.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  155. Strege MV, Swain D, Bochicchio L, Valdespino A, Richey JA. A pilot study of the effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on positive affect and social anxiety symptoms. Front Psychol. 2018;9:866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00866.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Kim B, Lee S-H, Kim YW, Choi TK, Yook K, Suh SY, et al. Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy program as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24:590–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:357–68. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Strauss C, Cavanagh K, Oliver A, Pettman D. Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9:e96110. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. Vøllestad J, Nielsen MB, Nielsen GH. Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Psychol. 2012;51:239–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02024.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Newby JM, Mewton L, Williams AD, Andrews G. Effectiveness of transdiagnostic Internet cognitive behavioural treatment for mixed anxiety and depression in primary care. J Affect Disord. 2014;165:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Chiesa A, Serretti A. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2011;187:441–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Fjorback LO, Arendt M, Ornbøl E, Fink P, Walach H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011;124:102–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01704.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Rodrigues MF, Nardi AE, Levitan M. Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: a review of the literature. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2017;39:207–15. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Galante J, Iribarren SJ, Pearce PF. Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Res Nurs. 2013;18:133–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987112466087.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Marchand WR. Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and Zen meditation for depression, anxiety, pain, and psychological distress. J Psychiatr Pract. 2012;18:233–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000416014.53215.86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Marchand WR. Mindfulness meditation practices as adjunctive treatments for psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36:141–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.01.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Zhang M-F, Wen Y-S, Liu W-Y, Peng L-F, Wu X-D, Liu Q-W. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy for reducing anxiety and depression in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e0897-0. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000897.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Abbott RA, Whear R, Rodgers LR, Bethel A, Thompson Coon J, Kuyken W, et al. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness based cognitive therapy in vascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Psychosom Res. 2014;76:341–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Idusohan-Moizer H, Sawicka A, Dendle J, Albany M. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for adults with intellectual disabilities: an evaluation of the effectiveness of mindfulness in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2015;59:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Helmes E, Ward BG. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for anxiety symptoms in older adults in residential care. Aging Ment Health. 2017;21:272–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1111862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Kishita N, Takei Y, Stewart I. A meta-analysis of third wave mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapies for older people. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;32:1352–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Yook K, Lee S-H, Ryu M, Kim K-H, Choi TK, Suh SY, et al. Usefulness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treating insomnia in patients with anxiety disorders: a pilot study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196:501–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31817762ac.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Shi Z, MacBeth A. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on maternal perinatal mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Mindfulness. 2017;8:823–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0673-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Lever Taylor B, Cavanagh K, Strauss C. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in the perinatal period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0155720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155720.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Shulman B, Dueck R, Ryan D, Breau G, Sadowski I, Misri S. Feasibility of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group intervention as an adjunctive treatment for postpartum depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2018;235:61–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.065.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Williams MJ, McManus F, Muse K, Williams JMG. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis): an interpretative phenomenological analysis of patients’ experiences. Br J Clin Psychol. 2011;50:379–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2010.02000.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Surawy C, McManus F, Muse K, Williams JMG. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for health anxiety (Hypochondriasis): rationale, implementation and case illustration. Mindfulness. 2015;6:382–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0271-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. McManus F, Surawy C, Muse K, Vazquez-Montes M, Williams JMG. A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus unrestricted services for health anxiety (hypochondriasis). J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80:817–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028782.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Lovas DA, Barsky AJ. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for hypochondriasis, or severe health anxiety: a pilot study. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24:931–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Clark GI, Rock AJ. Processes contributing to the maintenance of flying phobia: a narrative review. Front Psychol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00754.

  181. Arch JJ, Craske MG. Laboratory stressors in clinically anxious and non-anxious individuals: the moderating role of mindfulness. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48:495–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.02.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Hooper N, Davies N, Davies L, McHugh L. Comparing thought suppression and mindfulness as coping techniques for spider fear. Conscious Cogn. 2011;20:1824–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.05.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Carleton RN, Fetzner MG, Hackl JL, McEvoy P. Intolerance of uncertainty as a contributor to fear and avoidance symptoms of panic attacks. Cogn Behav Ther. 2013;42:328–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2013.792100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Kim MK, Lee KS, Kim B, Choi TK, Lee S-H. Impact of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on intolerance of uncertainty in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Investig. 2016;13:196–202. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2016.13.2.196.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  185. Levitt JT, Karekla M. Integrating acceptance and mindfulness with cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder. In: Orsillo SM, Roemer L, editors. Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: conceptualization and treatment. Boston, MA: Springer; 2005. p. 165–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25989-9_7.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  186. Kim B, Cho SJ, Lee KS, Lee J-Y, Choe AY, Lee JE, et al. Factors associated with treatment outcomes in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for panic disorder. Yonsei Med J. 2013;54:1454–62. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.6.1454.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  187. Kim YW, Lee S-H, Choi TK, Suh SY, Kim B, Kim CM, et al. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:601–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Goldin PR, Morrison A, Jazaieri H, Brozovich F, Heimberg R, Gross JJ. Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016;84:427–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000092.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  189. Kocovski NL, Fleming JE, Hawley LL, Ho M-HR, Antony MM. Mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy and traditional cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: Mechanisms of change. Behav Res Ther. 2015;70:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.04.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Koszycki D, Benger M, Shlik J, Bradwejn J. Randomized trial of a meditation-based stress reduction program and cognitive behavior therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45:2518–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Hjeltnes A, Molde H, Schanche E, Vøllestad J, Lillebostad Svendsen J, Moltu C, Binder P-E. An open trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for young adults with social anxiety disorder. Scand J Psychol. 2017;58:80–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Piet J, Hougaard E, Hecksher MS, Rosenberg NK. A randomized pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and group cognitive-behavioral therapy for young adults with social phobia. Scand J Psychol. 2010;51:403–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00801.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Bögels SM, Sijbers GFVM, Voncken M. Mindfulness and task concentration training for social phobia: a pilot study. J Cogn Psychother. 2006;20:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.1.33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Koszycki D, Thake J, Mavounza C, Daoust J-P, Taljaard M, Bradwejn J. Preliminary investigation of a mindfulness-based intervention for social anxiety disorder that integrates compassion meditation and mindful exposure. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22:363–74. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Kocovski NL, Fleming JE, Hawley LL, Huta V, Antony MM. Mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy versus traditional cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51:889–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Norton AR, Abbott MJ, Norberg MM, Hunt C. A systematic review of mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments for social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychol. 2015;71:283–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Surveillance report 2017 - Social anxiety disorder: recognition, assessment and treatment (2013) NICE guideline CG159. 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/resources/surveillance-report-2017-social-anxiety-disorder-recognition-assessment-and-treatment-2013-nice-guideline-cg159-pdf-5812324559557. Accessed 28 Dec 2018.

  198. Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Hoge EA, Bui E, Goetter E, Robinaugh DJ, Ojserkis RA, Fresco DM, Simon NM. Change in decentering mediates improvement in anxiety in mindfulness-based stress reduction for generalized anxiety disorder. Cogn Ther Res. 2014;39:228–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9646-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Craigie MA, Rees CS, Marsh A, Nathan P. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary evaluation. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2008;36:553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135246580800458X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Evans S, Ferrando S, Findler M, Stowell C, Smart C, Haglin D. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22:716–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Goodman JH, Guarino A, Chenausky K, Klein L, Prager J, Petersen R, et al. CALM pregnancy: results of a pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for perinatal anxiety. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014;17:373–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0402-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  203. Wong SYS, Yip BHK, Mak WWS, Mercer S, Cheung EYL, CYM L, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v group psychoeducation for people with generalised anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.166124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Kvillemo P, Brandberg Y, Bränström R. Feasibility and outcomes of an internet-based mindfulness training program: a pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Ment Health. 2016;3:e33. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5457.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  205. Wahbeh H, Svalina MN, Oken BS. Group, one-on-one, or internet? Preferences for mindfulness meditation delivery format and their predictors. Open Med J. 2014;1:66–74. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874220301401010066.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  206. Mak WWS, Chan ATY, Cheung EYL, Lin CLY, Ngai KCS. Enhancing web-based mindfulness training for mental health promotion with the health action process approach: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2015;17:e8. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3746.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  207. Jayewardene WP, Lohrmann DK, Erbe RG, Torabi MR. Effects of preventive online mindfulness interventions on stress and mindfulness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Med Rep. 2017;5:150–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Mikolasek M, Berg J, Witt CM, Barth J. Effectiveness of mindfulness- and relaxation-based eHealth interventions for patients with medical conditions: a systematic review and synthesis. Int J Behav Med. 2018;25:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-017-9679-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Cavanagh K, Strauss C, Cicconi F, Griffiths N, Wyper A, Jones F. A randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51:573–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Apolinário-Hagen J, Salewski C. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy and online mindfulness training for panic disorder. In: Kim Y-K, editor. Panic disorder: assessment, management and research insights. New York: NOVA SCIENCE; 2018. p. 221–46.

    Google Scholar 

  211. O’Connor M, Munnelly A, Whelan R, McHugh L. The efficacy and acceptability of third-wave behavioral and cognitive eHealth treatments: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Behav Ther. 2018;49:459–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.07.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Fish J, Brimson J, Lynch S. Mindfulness interventions delivered by technology without facilitator involvement: what research exists and what are the clinical outcomes? Mindfulness. 2016;7:1011–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0548-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  213. Boettcher J, Aström V, Påhlsson D, Schenström O, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Internet-based mindfulness treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2014;45:241–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.11.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Krusche A, Cyhlarova E, Williams JMG. Mindfulness online: an evaluation of the feasibility of a web-based mindfulness course for stress, anxiety and depression. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e003498. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003498.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  215. Plaza I, Demarzo MMP, Herrera-Mercadal P, García-Campayo J. Mindfulness-based mobile applications: literature review and analysis of current features. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2013;1:e24. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.2733.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  216. Mani M, Kavanagh DJ, Hides L, Stoyanov SR. Review and evaluation of mindfulness-based iPhone apps. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2015;3:e82. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.4328.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  217. Mak WW, Tong AC, Yip SY, Lui WW, Chio FH, Chan AT, Wong CC. Efficacy and moderation of mobile app-based programs for mindfulness-based training, self-compassion training, and cognitive behavioral psychoeducation on mental health: randomized controlled noninferiority trial. JMIR Ment Health. 2018;5:e60. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.8597.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  218. Hayes SC, editor. Relational frame theory: a post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Kluwer; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJG. Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: new wave or old hat? Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Levin ME, Haeger J, Pierce B, Cruz RA. Evaluating an adjunctive mobile app to enhance psychological flexibility in acceptance and commitment therapy. Behav Modif. 2017;41:846–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445517719661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Brown M, Glendenning A, Hoon AE, John A. Effectiveness of web-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy in relation to mental health and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18:e221. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6200.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  222. Eifert GH. Akzeptanz- und Commitment-Therapie (ACT). Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Gross JJ. Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74:224–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Eifert GH, Forsyth JP, Arch J, Espejo E, Keller M, Langer D. Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders: three case studies exemplifying a unified treatment protocol. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009;16:368–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.06.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  225. Eifert GH, Forsyth JP. Acceptance & commitment therapy for anxiety disorders: a practitioner’s treatment guide to using mindfulness, acceptance, and values-based behavior change strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Craske MG, Niles AN, Burklund LJ, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Vilardaga JCP, Arch JJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014;82:1034–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037212.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  227. A-Tjak JGL, Davis ML, Morina N, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Emmelkamp PMG. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for clinically relevant mental and physical health problems. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84:30–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365764.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG. A meta-analytic review of the effects of psychotherapy control conditions for anxiety disorders. Psychol Med. 2009;39:229–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Zettle RD. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) vs. systematic desensitization in treatment of mathematics anxiety. Psychol Rec. 2003;53:197–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Gloster AT, Sonntag R, Hoyer J, Meyer AH, Heinze S, Ströhle A, et al. Treating treatment-resistant patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia using psychotherapy: a randomized controlled switching trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84:100–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000370162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Meuret AE, Twohig MP, Rosenfield D, Hayes SC, Craske MG. Brief acceptance and commitment therapy and exposure for panic disorder: a pilot study. Cogn Behav Pract. 2012;19:606–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.05.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  232. Dalrymple KL, Herbert JD. Acceptance and commitment therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Behav Modif. 2007;31:543–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445507302037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Herbert JD, Forman EM, Kaye JL, Gershkovich M, Goetter E, Yuen EK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus traditional cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: Symptomatic and behavioral outcomes. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2018;9:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.07.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. Ivanova E, Lindner P, Ly KH, Dahlin M, Vernmark K, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Guided and unguided Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for social anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder provided via the Internet and a smartphone application: A randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;44:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Gershkovich M, Herbert JD, Forman EM, Schumacher LM, Fischer LE. Internet-delivered acceptance-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for social anxiety disorder With and without therapist support: a randomized trial. Behav Modif. 2017;41:583–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445517694457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Hasheminasab M, Babapour Kheiroddin J, Mahmood Aliloo M, Fakhari A. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for generalized anxiety disorder. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44:718–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  237. Avdagic E, Morrissey SA, Boschen MJ. A randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behaviour therapy for generalised anxiety disorder. Behav Chang. 2014;31:110–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2014.5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  238. Dahlin M, Andersson G, Magnusson K, Johansson T, Sjögren J, Håkansson A, et al. Internet-delivered acceptance-based behaviour therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2016;77:86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Chambless DL, Gillis MM. Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61:248–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Cuijpers P, Cristea IA, Karyotaki E, Reijnders M, Huibers MJH. How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence. World Psychiatry. 2016;15:245–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20346.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Jennifer Apolinário-Hagen

  2. Department of Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy Research, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Marie Drüge

  3. Faculty of Psychology, Department of Health Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, Germany

    Lara Fritsche

Authors
  1. Jennifer Apolinário-Hagen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marie Drüge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lara Fritsche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer Apolinário-Hagen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, Korea University, Gyeonggido, Korea (Republic of)

    Yong-Ku Kim

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Apolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., Fritsche, L. (2020). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Acceptance Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Integrating Traditional with Digital Treatment Approaches. In: Kim, YK. (eds) Anxiety Disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1191. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation