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Functional Domains in Myelinated Axons

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Myelin

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1190))

Abstract

Propagation of action potentials along axons is optimized through interactions between neurons and myelinating glial cells. Myelination drives division of the axons into distinct molecular domains including nodes of Ranvier. The high density of voltage-gated sodium channels at nodes generates action potentials allowing for rapid and efficient saltatory nerve conduction. At paranodes flanking both sides of the nodes, myelinating glial cells interact with axons, forming junctions that are essential for node formation and maintenance. Recent studies indicate that the disruption of these specialized axonal domains is involved in the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases. Loss of paranodal axoglial junctions due to genetic mutations or autoimmune attack against the paranodal proteins leads to nerve conduction failure and neurological symptoms. Breakdown of nodal and paranodal proteins by calpains, the calcium-dependent cysteine proteases, may be a common mechanism involved in various nervous system diseases and injuries. This chapter reviews recent progress in neurobiology and pathophysiology of specialized axonal domains along myelinated nerve fibers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA

    Leonid M. Yermakov, Lulu A. Hong, Domenica E. Drouet, Ryan B. Griggs & Keiichiro Susuki

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  1. Leonid M. Yermakov
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  2. Lulu A. Hong
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  3. Domenica E. Drouet
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  4. Ryan B. Griggs
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  5. Keiichiro Susuki
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Keiichiro Susuki .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan

    Kazunori Sango

  2. Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan

    Junji Yamauchi

  3. Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan

    Toru Ogata

  4. Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA

    Keiichiro Susuki

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Yermakov, L.M., Hong, L.A., Drouet, D.E., Griggs, R.B., Susuki, K. (2019). Functional Domains in Myelinated Axons. In: Sango, K., Yamauchi, J., Ogata, T., Susuki, K. (eds) Myelin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1190. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_6

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