Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Postharvest Technologies for Major Agronomic Crops

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Agronomic Crops

  • 1034 Accesses

Abstract

The global food security is a big challenge for the growers to fulfill the dietary needs of increasing world population. More than one-third of produced food is lost during postharvest operations (harvesting, threshing, drying, transportation, and storage). Overwhelming these issues, mainly in developing countries, can be a good solution to eliminate hunger, improve lifestyle of farmers, reduce pressure on natural resources, and most importantly increase the food availability. In most parts of the world, cereals are staple food in developing countries, which usually accounts for maximum postharvest losses among all the agricultural produce. Inadequate storage of cereal grains and pulses may lead to 50–60% losses due to insects, birds, rodents, and mold growth. These losses can be reduced as low as 1–2% if storage facilities are equipped with modern technologies. In this chapter, we summarize the conventional and modern postharvest technologies of different agronomic crops used in various countries, the causes and status of postharvest losses, and the technological intervention to mitigate these losses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abass AB, Ndunguru G, Mamiro P, Alenkhe BM, lingi N, Bekunda M (2014) Post harvest food losses in a maize-based farming system of semi-arid savannah area of Tanzania. J Stored Prod Res 57:49–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Abo MHM, Shetawy MA, El-Hammed A (2010) Evaluating the performance of a locally combine for harvest wheat crop. Misr J Agr Eng 27(1):104–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Africa Rice Center (2006) Africa Rice Center Annual Report 2004–2005: Forward in Partnership. Africa Rice Center, Cotonou

    Google Scholar 

  • Agidi G, Ibrahim MG, Matthew SA (2013) Design, fabrication and testing of a millet thresher. Net J Agri Sci 1(4):100–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Saaidy MA (1983) Cereal technology. Book. P. 137, 143, 153, 154, 188

    Google Scholar 

  • Alavi HR, Htenas A, Kopicki R, Shepherd AW, Clarete R (2012) Trusting trade and the private sector for food security in Southeast Asia. World Bank Publications, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Amare D, Yayu N, Endeblihatu A (2015) Development and evaluation of pedal thresher for threshing of rice. Am J Mech Appl 3(4):27–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2006) Thekhapra beetle (TrogodermagranariumEverts, 1898) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). California Plant Pest Diagnostic Center

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2008) Hand Book of Agriculture(5th Edition). Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research. ICAR, New Delhi, p 872

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2011) Package of practices for Kharif crops 2011. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, pp 18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2017) Working principle of thresher. Available at: http://www.jlricemachine.com/info/working-principle-of-thresher-20218339.html. Accessed 11 May 2018

  • Aulakh J, Regmi A, Fulton JR, Alexander C (2013) Estimating post harvest food losses: Developing a consistent global estimation framework. In: Proceedings of the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s. AAEA & CAES joint annual meeting, Washington, DC, USA, 4–6 August 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Baig MS (2018)Cereal processing. Department of food science and technology. Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University College of Food Science & Technology, Bapatla

    Google Scholar 

  • Bala BK (2016) Drying and storage of cereal grains, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloch UK (2010) Wheat: post harvest operations. In: Lewis B, Mejia D (eds) Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, pp 1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Boman R, Kelley M, Keeling W, Wanjura J, Baughman T (2009) High plains and northern rolling plains cotton harvest-aid guide. Texas Agri Life Extension Service, College Station: Available online: http://lubbock.tamu.edu/contton/pdf/2009HarvestAid.pdf

  • Bourne M (1977) Post harvest food losses-the neglected dimension in increasing the world food supply. Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  • Boxall RA (2001) Post harvest losses to insects –a world overview. Inter BioteriBiode 48:137–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooker DB, Arkema FB, Hall CW (1992) Drying and storage of grains and oilseeds. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York., ISBN: 0-44220515-5, pp 216–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzby JC, Farah-Wells H, Hyman J (2015) The estimated amount, value, and calories of postharvest food losses at the retail and consumer levels in the United States. Economic Information Bulletin Number 121 February 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Calverley D (1996) A study of loss assessment in eleven projects in Asia concerned with rice. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Chabrol D, Chimwala M, Cuffe O, Favre B, Hanyona S, Heijmans E, Marzin C, Osborn P, Sultan J, Tissot C (2005) The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. ACP-EU Lome 6:12–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraverty A (1995) Post harvest technology of cereals. In: Pulses and oilseeds, 3rd edn. IBH Publishing, New Delhi/Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraverty A, Singh RP (2014) Post harvest technology and food process engineering. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton/London/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraverty A, Mujumdar AS, Raghavan GSV, Ramaswamy HS (2003) Handbook of postharvest technology cereals, fruits, vegetables, tea, and spices. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton/London/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Champ BR, Dyte CE (1976) Informe de la prospeccionmundial de la FAO sobresusceptibilidad a losinseticidas de las plagas de granosalmacenados, Roma, p 356

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavan PB, Patil DK, Dhondge DS (2015) Design and development of manually operated reaper. IOSR J Mech Civil Eng 12(3):15–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Chimchana D, Salokhe VM, Soni P (2008) Development of unequal speed co-axial split rotor thresher for rice. AgriEng Inter 5:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa SJ (2014) Reducing food losses in Sub-Saharan Africa (Improving Post harvest Management and Storage Technologies of Smallholder Farmers). UN World Food Programme, Kampala

    Google Scholar 

  • Datt P, Prasad J (2000) Modification and evaluation of a selfpropelled vertical conveyor reaper for harvesting soybean. AMA 31(3): 43–46

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lucia M, Assennato D (1994) Agricultural engineering in development. Post harvest operations and management of food grains. FAO agricultural services bulletin vol 93. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lucia M, Assennato D (2006) Agricultural Engineering in Development: Post harvest Operations and Managementof Foodgrains. Rome, FAO

    Google Scholar 

  • Devi MB, Devi NV (2015) Biology of rust-red flour beetle, Triboliumcastaneum(Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Biol Forum Int J 7(1):12–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edde PA (2012) A review of the biology and control of Rhyzoperthadominica (F.) the lesser grain borer. J Stored Prod Res 48:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2009) How to feed the world in 2050. Meeting at FAO Headquarters in Rome on 12–13 October 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleurat-Lessard F (1987) Control of storage insect by physical means and modified environmental conditions. Feasibility and applications. In: Lawson TJ (ed) BCPC monograph no 37: stored product pest control. Reading University (UK), pp 209–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (2014) Global initiative on food losses and waste reduction; FAO: Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox T (2013) Global food: waste not, want not. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Westminster/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs C, Kasten J, Urbanek M (2015) Trends and potential of the market for combine harvesters in Germany. Machines 3:364–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C (2010) Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812–818

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greeley M (1986) Food, technology and employment: the farm-level post-harvest system in developing countries. J Agri Econ 37:333–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurgaon (2016) Harvesting & threshing. Available at: http://agroman.in/agri-machines-guide/harvesting-threshing/. Accessed on 11 May 2018

  • Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U, Van Otterdijk R, Meybeck A (2011) Global food losses and food waste. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines CP (1991) Insects and arachnids of tropical stored products: their biology and identification (a training manual), 2nd edn. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges R, Stathers T (2012) Training manual for improving grain postharvest handling and storage. Food and Markets Department, Natural Resources Institute, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges RJ, Buzby JC, Bennett B (2011) Postharvest losses and waste in developed and less developed countries: opportunities to improve resource use. J Agri Sci 149:37–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Iconomou D, Athanasopoulos P, Arapoglou D, Varzakas T, Christopoulou N (2006) Cereal quality characteristics as affected by controlled atmospheric storage conditions. Am J Food Technol 1(2):149–157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ienger NGC, Bhaskar R, Dharmarajan P (1971) Studies on sand parboiling and drying of paddy. J Agri Eng 8:51–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Karahle SS, Gajakos AV, Neharkar PS, Kamdi SR, Lambe SP (2013) Performance evaluation of self-propelled reaper binder. IJAAS2 (1):47–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan C, Veeraragavathatham D, Karpagam D, Firdous SA (2009) Traditional tools in agricultural practices. Ind J Trad Know 8(2):212–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Karunakaran C, Jayas DS, White NDG (2004) Identification of wheat kernels damaged by the red flour beetle using X-ray image. Biosys Eng 87(3):267–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenneth J, Hellevang PE (2013) Grain Drying, NDSU Extension Service. North Dakota State University, Fargo

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MA (2010) Post harvest losses of RICE. In: Khan SL (ed) Trade development authority of Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiaya V (2014) Post harvest losses and strategies toreduce them. Technical paper on post harvest losses. Action Contre la Faim (ACF), member of ACF International

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Kalita P (2017) Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries. Foods 6(1):3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren DL, Vincent LE (1959) Biology and control of Tragodermagranarium Everts. J Econ Entomol 52:312–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipinski B, Hanson C, Lomax J, Kitinoja L, Waite R, Searchinger T (2013) Installment 2 of “Creating a sustainable food future” reducing food loss and waste, Working paper. World Resource Institute, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe SM, Browne S, Boudjelas S, De Poorter M (2000) 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database. Invasive Species Specialist Group, World Conservation Union (IUCN). Available on line at: issg.Org/booklet

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason LJ (2015) Rusty, Flat and Flour Mill Beetles Cryptolestes Spp. stored product pests. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, West Lafayette

    Google Scholar 

  • Miu P (2018) Combine harvesters: theory, modeling, and design. CRC/Taylor &Fransis Group, Boca Raton/London/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammad RA, Alireza B (2013) Field performance evaluation of different rice threshing methods. Int J Nat Eng Sci 3(3):155–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowery SV, Mullen MA, Campbell JF, Broce AB (2002) Mechanisms underlying sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilussurinamensis L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) infestation of consumer food packaging materials. J Econ Entomol 95:1333–1336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mujumdar AS, Menon AS (1995) Drying of solids: principles, classification and selection of dryers. In: Mujumdar AS (ed) Handbook of industrial drying, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwinama G (2013) Development of power tiller operated rice combineharvester for smallholder farmers in Tanzania. A dissertation of master degree agricultural engineering of Sokoine University of Agriculture. Morogoro, Tanzania

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanda SK, Vishwaakarma RK, Bathla HVL, Rai A, Chandra P (2012) Harvest and post harvest losses of major crops and livestock produce in India. All India Coordinated Research Project on Post harvest Technology, (ICAR), Ludhiana

    Google Scholar 

  • Olayanju TMA, Adewuyi SA, Omotayo AM (2009) An assessment of the status of small rice Thresher in Nigeria. J Nat Sci Engr Tech 8(1):84–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouezou YA, Makennibe P, Koji Y (2009) Design of Throw-in type rice thresher for small scale farmers. Ind J Sci Tech l2:10–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantenius C (1988) Storage losses in traditional maize granaries in Togo. Int J Trop Insect Sci 9:725–735

    Google Scholar 

  • Parfitt J, Barthel M, Macnaughton S (2010) Food waste within food supply chains: Quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 365:3065–3081

    Google Scholar 

  • Prem M, Verma NK, Dabhi KL, Swarnkar R (2017) A critical study on crop harvesting machines. Multi Sci 24(7):63–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Pricket AJ, Muggleton J, Llewellin JA (1990) Insecticide resistance in populations of Oryzaephilussurinamensis and Cryptolestesferrugineus from grain stores in England and Wales. Brighton Crop Protect Conf Pests Dis 3:1189–1194

    Google Scholar 

  • Proctor DL (1994) Grain storage techniques. Evolution and trends in developing countries.FAO agricultural services bulletin no. 109. Gasca – group for assistance on systems relating to grain after harvest. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramakumar MV, Raghavan GSV, Javaregowda S (1996) Operating conditions for drying of paddy in a rotating drum with sand medium. Dry Tech 14(3&4):595–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramatoulaye G (2010) Post harvest losses of rice (Orizaspp) from harvesting to milling: a case study in Besease and Nobewam in the EjisuJuabeng district in the Ashanti region of Ghana. MSc dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

    Google Scholar 

  • Saleem MA, Shah HA (2010) Applied entomology: a Pakistan perspective, 3rd edn. Pak Book Empire, Lahore, pp 370–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar D, Datta V, Chattopadhyay KS (2013) Assessment of pre and post harvest losses in rice and wheat in West Bengal. Agro-Economic Research Centre, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, Santiniketan

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah D (2013) Assessment of pre and post harvest losses in Tur and soyabean crops in Maharashtra. Agro-Economic Research Centre Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahi NC, Khan J, Lohani UC, Singh A (2012) Manual and motor operated paddy thresher for the Kashmir valley. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa & Latin America December 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma PN (1998) Participatory Watershed Management Training in Asia (PWMTA) Program, PWMTA-FARM, FAO (UN). Kathmandu, Nepal

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A (2014) Study of different methods of maize harvesting and threshing in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. Int J Agri Eng 7(1):267–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Pandey MM (2008) Plan achievements (2002 to 2007). In: Technical bulletin no.: CIAE/2008/137. AICRP on FIM. CIAE, Bhopal, pp 38–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh MS, Singh KN (1978) Force requirement of different sickles. J Agri Eng 15:11–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Sisman CB, Delibas L, Cifek G (2004) Temporary sunflower seed stores and quality losses during storage. Pak S Biol Sci 7:812–821

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith RH (1995) Rodents and birds as invaders of stored grain ecosystem. In: Jayas DS, White NDG, Muir WE, Sinha RN (eds) International symposium on stored grain ecosystems. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 2898–3323

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamiru D, Teka T (2015) Evaluating and selecting of existing machines for rice threshing. J Multi Eng Sci Tech 2(7):1857–1859

    Google Scholar 

  • Terefe TO (2017) Design and development of manually operated reaper machine. Int J Adv Res Publ 1(2):15–21

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA-APHIS-PPQ (1983) Khapra Beetle. Pests not known to occur in the United States or of limited distribution. APHIS 30:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Veerangouda M, Sushilendra KV, Anantachar M (2010) Performance evaluation of tractor operated combine harvester. Karn J Agri Sci 23(2):282–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodford C (2018) Combine harvesters. Available at: http://wwwexplainthatstuffcom/howcombineharvestersworkhtml. Last updated: January 13, 2018

  • Yadav RNS, Yadav BG (1992) Design and development of CIAE bullock drawn reaper. AMA 23(2):43–51

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Layyah, Pakistan

    Muhammad Yasin, Kazam Ali, Shahid Hanif & Hafiz Muhammad Atif

  2. Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Waqas Wakil

  3. College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Layyah, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ijaz

  4. Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

    Liaqat Ali

  5. Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

    Shakeel Ahmad

Authors
  1. Muhammad Yasin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Waqas Wakil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kazam Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Ijaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shahid Hanif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Liaqat Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hafiz Muhammad Atif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Shakeel Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shakeel Ahmad .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yasin, M. et al. (2019). Postharvest Technologies for Major Agronomic Crops. In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (eds) Agronomic Crops. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9151-5_29

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation