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Cardiovascular System

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Textbook of Veterinary Physiology

Abstract

The cardiovascular system comprising the heart and the connecting blood vessels plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis. It integrates three basic functional components, heart as the pump that circulates the blood through a network of the blood vessels. This integrated system is able to adapt to the circulatory demands under different physiological states like rest and exercise, changes in body position, digestion, thermal stress, and emotional status. In order to meet these variable physiological demands, the entire system undertakes sophisticated regulatory mechanisms involving neuroendocrine system and renal and local circulatory mediators. Understanding the functioning of various cardiovascular system components will help the students and researchers to explore in detail the various vital factors regulating the circulatory system and identify the associated dysfunctions.

Graphical Abstract

8 illustrations. 1. An illustration of a cow with the cardio and nervous system highlighted.2. An illustration of the heart. 3. Illustrations of the cardiac muscle cells, nucleus, Mitochondrion and Sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. An illustration of the artery, vein and capillary and The sagittal view of the heart. 5. The cardiac output depends on physiological, temperature, age, hormones and stress. 6. An illustration of ECG machine setup. 7. A echocardiograph report. 8. A block diagram represents Blood pressure regulation depends on nervous control, chemical/endocrine control, ECF volume and Renin Angiotensin.

Description of the graphic: Cardiovascular system (1) consists of both heart and vascular systems (arterial, venous, and capillary circulations). Being the first functional organ, the development of heart begins at very early stages of life. It is made of specialized muscle cells called cardiac muscle (2), which are striated and involuntary muscle fibers. It has specialized excitatory and conduction systems through which electric impulses are generated and conducted throughout the heart, resulting in contraction and relaxation of the heart (3). It pumps oxygenated blood through blood vessels to all the body’s tissues (4). Cardiac output and heart rate are influenced by various factors, viz. rest, exercise, stress, temperature, sex, age, emotion, and endocrine factors (5). The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most important clinical tool used for diagnosing electrical dysfunctions of the heart (6); determination of arterial blood pressure helps in diagnosing the defects of heart and circulatory system (7), which is regulated by nervous system, endocrine system, regulation of ECF volume, and renin-angiotensin mechanism (8). The entire functional characteristics of the CV system are elaborated in this chapter

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Further Reading

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

    P. Visha

  2. ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    V. Sejian

Authors
  1. P. Visha
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  2. V. Sejian
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Pradip Kumar Das

  2. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary education and Research, Puducherry and Centre for Climate Resilient Animal Adaptation Studies, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Veerasamy Sejian

  3. Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Joydip Mukherjee

  4. Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Dipak Banerjee

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Visha, P., Sejian, V. (2023). Cardiovascular System. In: Das, P.K., Sejian, V., Mukherjee, J., Banerjee, D. (eds) Textbook of Veterinary Physiology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_6

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