Abstract
The long-standing transatlantic economic cooperation between Europe and the USA has come under the scanner, as noted in the magazine Foreign Policy in its April 5th, 2019 issue. It argued that the United States’ series of trade tariffs on the European Union (apart from differences in the WTO-led trade regimes) could seriously undermine the transatlantic economic cooperation, which has been a cornerstone of the global economic order since the Bretton Woods system established in 1944. In other words, this might be the beginning of the end of transatlantic cooperation and the rise of an “Asian” pivot to a global economic order led by China. This shifting geo-strategic environment marked by growing Chinese engagement has led to a realignment of regional influences and interests in the Central Asia Republics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdulhamidova, N. (2009). The European Union-Central Asia: In the light of the new strategy. Liu.diva-portal.org. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:286608/FULLTEXT02
Aminjonov, F., & Sim, L. (2020). Potholes and bumps along the silk road economic belt in Central Asia. Thediplomat.com. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/potholes-and-bumps-along-the-silk-road-economic-belt-in-central-asia/
Bayramov, A. (2020). Conflict, cooperation or competition in the Caspian Sea region: A critical review of the New Great Game paradigm. Caucasus Survey, 9(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761199.2020.1774856
Bossuyt, F. (2019). New EU strategy for Central Asia: All about balance [online web access]. Accessed 5 May 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/new-eu-strategy-for-central-asia-all-about-balance/
Collins, N., & Bekenova, K. (2016). Fuelling the new Great Game: Kazakhstan, energy policy and the EU—Asia Europe journal, SpringerLink. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Accessed 25 April 2023. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10308-016-0451-4
Chen, X., & Fazilov, F. (2018). Re-centering Central Asia: China’s‘New Great Game’ in the old Eurasian heartland. Palgrave Communications, 4(71), 1–12.
Cohen, A. (2008). Kazakhstan: The road to independence. Energy policy and the birth of a nation. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, p. 98. [online web]. Accessed 3 March 2020. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/131571/kazakhstanindependence.pdf
Cohen, A., & Grant, J. (2019). Soft infrastructure development in Central Asia 2020. Effective infrastructure development through legislation, regulation, policies, governance, and public-private frameworks. International Tax and Investment Centre.
Denison, M. (2012, October). Game over? Shifting energy geopolitics in Central Asia. Central Asia program. https://app.box.com/s/c4iyu6ynnnmnltz1sxe8.
EBRD. (2019). The EBRD in Central Asia. https://www.ebrd.com/documents/comms-and-bis/the-ebrd-in-central-asia.pdf
European Commission Report on Central Asia. (2021). Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/central-asia/
European Union External Action. (2022). Uzbekistan: The European Union and Uzbekistan complete negotiations for a new enhanced partnership and cooperation agreement. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/uzbekistan-european-union-and-uzbekistan-complete-negotiations-new-enhanced-partnership-and_en
Fox, J., & Godement. (2009). A power audit of EU–China relations. European Council on Foreign Relations.
Grant, J. (2019). China looks to Central Asia as an economic alternative [online web]. Accessed 7 February 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/china-looks-to-central-asia-as-an-economic-alternative/
Guo, L., Zhou, H., Xia, Z., & Huang, F. (2016). Evolution, opportunity and challenges of transboundary water and energy problems in Central Asia. SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3616-0
Harada, I. (2018). Europe’s development bank digs in deeper with AIIB. Nikkei Asian Review.
Hoh, A. (2018). From Qatar to Xinjiang: Security in China’s belt and road initiative. Middle East Policy, 25(4), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12378
Hurley, J., & Morris, S., & Portelance, G. (2018). Examining the debt implications of the belt and road initiative from a policy perspective. CGD policy paper 121 [online web]. Accessed online. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf
Ibrayeva, A., Sannikov, D., Kadyrov, M., Zapevalov, V., Hasanov, E., & Zuev, V. (2018, March 21). Importance of the Caspian countries for the European Union energy security. IDEAS. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eco/journ2/2018-03-21.html
Kalyuzhnova, Y., & Holzhacker, H. (2021). Enhancing connectivity and trade between Central Asia regional economic cooperation countries and the world: Benefits, risks and policy implication. ADBI working paper 1271. Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/publications/enhancing-connectivity-trade-between-carec-world
Kanbur, R., & Capannelli, G. (2019, February). Good jobs for inclusive growth in Central Asia and the south Caucasus: Regional report. ADB. https://doi.org/10.22617/TCS190016-2
Karymshakov, K., & Sulaimanova, B. (2021). The impact of infrastructure on trade in Central Asia. Asia Europe Journal, 19(S1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-021-00613-7
Kennedy, R. (2010). In the ‘new Great Game’, who is getting played? Chinese investment in Kazakhstan’s petroleum sector. In Caspian energy politics (pp. 132–151). Routledge.
Kitade, D. (2019). Central Asia undergoing a remarkable transformation: Belt and road initiative and intra regional cooperation. In Mitsui & Co. Global strategic studies institute monthly report.
Matveeva, A. (2006). EU stakes in Central Asia (pp. 83–108, Rep.). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). Retrieved June 14, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06976.8
Melvin, N. J. (Ed.). (2008). Engaging Central Asia: The European Union’s new strategy in the heart of Eurasia. Centre for European Policy Studies.
Melvin, N., & Boonstra, J. (2008). The EU strategy on Central Asia @ year one, EU-Central Asia monitoring, No.1—October 2008. Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE), Spain and the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Belgium. Retrieved March 3, 2020 [online web]. http://www.eucentralasia.eu
OECD. (2018). Competitiveness and private sector development enhancing competitiveness in Central Asia. Van Haren Publishing.
Peyrouse, S. (2017). “A donor without influence” PONARS Eurasia policy memo no. 478 [online web]. Accessed 8 February 2020. http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memospdf/Pepm478_Peyrouse_June2017_1.pdf
Plenta, P., & Warkotsch, A. (2011). International issues & slovak foreign policy affairs, 20(3), 82–85. Retrieved June 14, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26590404
Putz, C. (2019). Sebastien peyrouse on the EU’s new Central Asia strategy. Thediplomat.com. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/sebastien-peyrouse-on-the-eus-new-central-asia-strategy/
Qi, J., & Kulmatov, R. (2008). An overview of environmental issues in Central Asia. Environmental Problems of Central Asia and Their Economic, Social and Security Impacts, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8960-2_1
Raimondi, P. P. (2019). Central Asia oil and gas industry—The external powers’ energy interests in Kazakhstan. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3386053
Russell, M. (2019). The EU’s new Central Asia strategy. Think Tank European Parliament. Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2019)633162
Sachdeva, G., & Vergeron, K. (2019). Prospects for EU-India cooperation in Central Asia. Retrieved February 13, 2023, from https://euindiathinktanks.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Porspects-for-EU-India-cooperation-in-Central-Asia.pdf
Safer and sustainable supply chains connecting Central Asia and Europe focus of OSCE discussion on green ports and connectivity in Caspian Sea Region. (2020, June 19). OSCE. Retrieved June 19, 2020, from https://www.osce.org/oceea/455014
Shishkin, P. (2012). Central Asia’s crisis of governance. In Asia Society/Central Asia report [online web]. Accessed online 7 February 2020. https://asiasociety.org/files/pdf/120215_central_asia_crisis_governance.pdf
Teleuyev, G. B., Akulich, O. V., Kadyrov, M. A., Ponomarev, A. A., & Hasanov, E. L. (2017). Problems of legal regulation for use and development of renewable energy sources in the republic of kazakhstan. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(5), 296–301.
Vakulchuk, R., & Overland, I. (2019). “China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the lens of Central Asia” in regional connection under the Belt and Road initiative: The prospects for economic and financial cooperation. Routledge Publications.
Walsh, J. (1993). China and the new geopolitics of Central Asia. Asian Survey, 33(3), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645251
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mukherjee, B.B. (2023). Regional Connectivity and the China Factor. In: Khan, K.H., Mihr, A. (eds) Europe-Central Asia Relations . Europe-Asia Connectivity. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8707-6_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8707-6_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-8706-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-8707-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)