Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction: Towards a Framework of Urban Inclusivity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Diversity of Urban Inclusivity

Part of the book series: International Perspectives in Geography ((IPG,volume 20))

  • 343 Accesses

Abstract

This book systematically explores the contours of urban inclusivity in advanced city-regions to initiate a cross-geographical and cross-cultural discussion of actually existing inclusionary neighbourhoods and their capacities to tackle urban inequality. The chapters of this book are organized into four parts, in accordance with the four-dimensional framework introduced in this chapter. The framework is derived from the workings of the public sector, private market, informal communities, and voluntary sector (or civil society). By focusing on how these dimensions complement and counter each other, we open up new approaches to the politics of the urban in a way that acknowledges the interlocked nature of stakeholder interests.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In relation to the distinction between developing/emerging (i.e. Third World, Global South) and developed (i.e. First World, the West, advanced regions), Goldman (2011: 233) points out that within the current financialized global context, this distinction is now rather translated as “declining” (developed) and “growing” (developing) in terms of opportunities for profitable investment in urban projects.

  2. 2.

    With the term centrality and centralities, we refer to the geographical importance of relatively centrally located places in relation to economic opportunities and social resources such as welfare-related services. Centrality in the city is commonly augmented by high rates of accessibility (such as public infrastructure) on the hand but may also be threatened by urban projects that seek to extract untapped value from it. Commonly, these centralities are taken up by critical urban research as they make up the frontier of renewed rounds of investments under the neoliberal context of reurbanizing capital flows (i.e., predominately financially led urban projects. See, e.g., Smith 1996).

  3. 3.

    Here, the term “tendency” implies a possibility that capital might not follow through on its quest for (re)valorization. As some the case studies will show, injections of big capital can be offset by public measures and local practices with different agendas.

  4. 4.

    The ideological resonance of private market adherence, perhaps, is best exemplified in Margaret Thatcher’s belief that “there is no such thing as society, only individual men and women.” This belief was widely propagated in her quest to defund the British state and to marketize its public functions, in what was widely considered as an aggressive enforcement of neoliberal policies. In the United States, this was echoed in the view that “social order and integration should come exclusively from individual responsibility, family, or religion” (Storper 2016: 249, emphasis ours).

  5. 5.

    With the term “unreciprocated care” we refer to acts of caring that are of altruistic motives and not precipitated on an expectation of returned favours. They are rather unilateral and imply degrees of selflessness. As explained in the next paragraph, the motives of plane 4 slightly differ as the acts here are rather precipitated on the idea of mutual solidarity.

  6. 6.

    The term “surplus population” fits the description here well, as it implies a population that is superfluous to capital (mostly in terms of productive employability but also in terms of the inability to consume commodities. See, e.g., Tyner 2013) and for whom the availability of non-commodified essential services is vital to their sustenance.

  7. 7.

    But, as Castells (1979) points out, the socially reproductive capacities of public urbanization ultimately must be in function of capital accumulation. Public housing, in this sense, has served to keep housing affordable to a (relatively) low-wage population, which in turn is a subsidy to capital as it keeps the cost of labor down (see also Castells et al. 1991).

  8. 8.

    This may vary from changes in rent, in connection with changes in flat sizes, new amenities, extended or improved public infrastructure etc. (see Goh 2001 on the discourses and effects of upgrading to Singapore’s public housing under the globalizing conditions of the 1990s).

  9. 9.

    Concurrent urbanization may include a variety of current neoliberalist urban planning (e.g., DeVerteuil 2015), developmentalist approaches to urbanization (e.g., Kornatowski 2019) and value creation in newly urbanizing areas (e.g., Ren 2020).

  10. 10.

    In relation to our framework, we can define the spaces of incomplete urbanization as those that are not in accordance to the regulatory arrangements of plane 1 and 2.

  11. 11.

    “Ideologues have tried to eliminate dialectical thought and the analysis of contradictions in favor of logical thought—that is, the identification of coherence and nothing but coherence” (Lefebvre 2003: 14).

  12. 12.

    “Intricate minglings of different uses in cities are not a form of chaos. On the contrary, they represent a complex and highly developed form of order. Everything in this book so far has been directed toward showing how this complex order of mingled uses work” (Jacobs 1961: 222).

  13. 13.

    “Spatial practices […] secretly structure the determining conditions of social life” (De Certeau 1984: 96).

References

  • Atkinson R, Bridge G (2005) Gentrification in a global context: the new urban colonialism. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner N (2014) Implosions/explosions: towards a study of planetary urbanization. Jovis, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner N, Schmid C (2014) The “urban age” in question. IJURR 38(3):731–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castells M (1979) The urban question: a marxist approach. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells M, Goh L, Kwok YW (1991) The shek kip Mei syndrome: economic development and public housing in Hong Kong and Singapore. Pion, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Chau BH (2015) Financialising public housing as an asset for retirement in Singapore. Int J Hous Policy 15(1):27–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke J (2008) Living with/in and without neoliberalism. Focaal 51:135–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cloke P, May J, Johnsen (2010) Swept up lives? re-envisioning the homeless city. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis M (2006) Planet of slums. Verso, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dear M, Wolch J (1987) Landscapes of despair: from deinstitutionalization to homelessness. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Dear M, Wolch J, Wilton R (1994) The service hub concept in human services planning. Prog Plan 42(3):173–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De, Certeau (1984) The practice of everyday life. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVerteuil G (2015) Resilience in the post-welfare inner city: voluntary sector geographies in London. Policy Press, Bristol, Los Angeles and Sydney

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Doucette J & Park BG (2020) Developmentalist cities? interrogating urban developmentalism in East Asia. Brill, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagleton T (1991) Ideology: an introduction. Verso, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott-Cooper A, Hubbard P, Lees L (2020) Moving beyond Marcuse: Gentrification, displacement and the violence of un-homing. Prog Hum Geogr 44(3):492–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans H (2020) Beijing from below: stories of marginal lives in the capital’s centre. Duke University Press, Durham

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest R, Hirayama Y (2015) The finacialisation of the social project: embedded liberalism, neoliberalism and home ownership. Urban Stud. 52(2):233–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest R, Koh SY, Wissink B (2017) Cities and the super-rich: real estate, elite practices and urban political economies. Palgrave Macmillan, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann J, Wolff G (1982) World city formation: an agenda for research and action. Int J Urban Reg Res 6(3):309–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukumoto T (2013) The persistence of the residential concentration of Koreans in Osaka from 1950 to 1980: its relation to land transfers and home-work relationships. Jpn. J. Hum. Geogr. 65(6):475–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glass R (1964) London: aspects of change. Macgibbon & Kee, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Goh BHR (2001) Ideologies of “upgrading” in Singapore public housing: post-modern style, globalisation and class construction in the built environment. Urban Stud. 38(9):1589–1604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman M (2011) Speculating on the next world city. In: Roy A, Ong A (eds) Worlding cities: asian experiments and the art of being global. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Chichester, pp 229–258

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goonewardena K (2004) Urban space and political consciousness: a report on theory. Rev. Radical Political Econ. 36(2):155–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey D (2001) Spaces of capital: towards a critical geography. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey D (2014) Seventeen contradictions and the end of capitalism. Profile Books, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochstenbach C (2017) State-led gentrification and the changing geography of market-oriented housing policies. Hous Theory Soc 34(4):399–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs J (1961) The death and life of great American cities. Random House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamel N (2016) Clandestine urbanization: reconstituting urban space in the margins of the phoenix metropolitan area. J Urban 9(1):39–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Kern L (2016) Rhythms of gentrification: eventfulness and slow violence in a happening neighbourhood. Cult Geogr 23(3):441–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiener J, Kornatowski G, Mizuuchi T (2018) Innovations in gearing the housing market to welfare recipients in Osaka’s inner city: a resilient strategy? Hous Theory Soc 35(4):410–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornatowski G (2019) Regulating unpredictability: contested migrant worker spaces and voluntary sector geographies in Singapore. The 4th Workshop on the Geopolitical Economy of East Asian Developmentalism (EARCAG-GPE), Osaka City University, Osaka

    Google Scholar 

  • La Grange A, Pretorius F (2016) State-led gentrification in Hong Kong. Urban Stud. 53(3):506–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lees L, Shin HB, Lopez-Morales E (2016) Planetary gentrification. Polity Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre H (2003) The urban revolution. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon-Callo V (2004) Inequality, poverty, and neoliberal governance: activist ethnography in the homeless sheltering industry. University of Toronto Press, Toronto

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Milligan C (2001) Geographies of care: space, place and the voluntary sector. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Min PG (2008) Ethnic solidarity for economic survival: Korean greengrocers in New York City. Russel Sage Foundation, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizuuchi T, Jeon HG (2010) The new mode of urban renewal for the former outcaste minority people and areas in Japan. City 27(1):25–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno L (2014) The urban process under financialised capitalism”. City 18(3):244–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moulaert F, Ailenei O (2005) Social economy, third sector and solidarity relations: a conceptual synthesis from history to present. Urban Stud. 42(11):2037–2053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murtagh B (2019) Social economics and the solidarity city. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosterlynck S, Novy A, Kazepov Y (2020) Local innovation to combat poverty and exclusion: a critical appraisal. Policy Press, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Özkan D (2015) Let them gentrify themselves! space, culture and migration in Munich’s Bahnhofsviertel. In: Götz I, Moser J, Ege M, Lauterbach B (eds) Europäische Ethnologie in München: Ein Kulturwissenschaftlicher Reader. Waxmann, Münster, pp 193–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Palm R (1981) Urban geography: city structures. Prog Hum Geogr 1:118–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Panayi P (2020) Migrant city: a new history of London. Yale University Press, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Peck J (2012) Austerity urbanism: American cities under extreme economy. City 16(6):626–655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren X (2020) Robert Park in China: from the Chicago school to urban China studies. In: Forrest R, Ren J, Wissink B (Eds.) The city in China: new perspectives on Contemporary Urbanism. Bristol University Press, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickards L, Gleeson B, Boyle M (2016) Urban studies after the age of the city. Urban Stud. 53(8):1523–1541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson J (2006) Ordinary cities: between modernity and development. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy A & Ong A (2011) Worlding cities: asian experiments and the art of being global. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, hichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassen S (1991) The global city: New York, London. Princeton University Press, Princeton, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassen S (2014) Expulsions: brutality and complexity in the global economy. Harvard University Press, Harvard

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders D (2011) Arrival city: how the largest migration in history is reshaping our world. Vintage, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin HB, Lees L, Lopez-Morales E (2016) Introduction: locating gentrification in the global east. Urban Stud. 53(3):455–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simone A, Pieterse E (2017) New urban worlds: inhabiting dissonant times. Polity Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart A (2001) Unruly places: urban governance and the persistence of illegality in Hong Kong’s urban squatter areas. Am Anthropol 103(1):30–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smart A, Lee J (2013) Financialization and the role of real estate in Hong Kong’s regime of accumulation. Econ Geogr 79(2):153–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith N (1996) The New urban frontier: gentrification and the revanchist city. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein S (2019) Capital city: gentrification and the real estate state. Verso, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Storper M (2016) The neoliberal city as idea and reality. Territory, Politics, Governance 4(2):241–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyner JA (2013) Population geography I: surplus populations. Prog Hum Geogr 37(5):701–711

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Geerhardt Kornatowski

  2. Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan

    Toshio Mizuuchi

Authors
  1. Geerhardt Kornatowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Toshio Mizuuchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Geerhardt Kornatowski .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate school of Geography, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan

    Toshio Mizuuchi

  2. Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Geerhardt Kornatowski

  3. Department of Japanese Cultures, Nanzan University, Nagoya, Japan

    Taku Fukumoto

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kornatowski, G., Mizuuchi, T. (2023). Introduction: Towards a Framework of Urban Inclusivity. In: Mizuuchi, T., Kornatowski, G., Fukumoto, T. (eds) Diversity of Urban Inclusivity. International Perspectives in Geography, vol 20. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8528-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation