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Basic Education and Federalism: Implications and Options for the National Capital Region

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A Better Metro Manila?

Abstract

The shift to federalism may significantly alter the governance of basic education in the Philippines—historically one of the government’s most centralized functions. The proposed Bayanihan Federalism charter specifies basic education as an exclusive power of the federal government. This runs counter to previous discussions that basic education and other social services are best delivered under a national standard.

This paper tackles the policy implications of federalism to basic education in National Capital Region (NCR). Specifically, this paper: (1) reviews basic education governance based on prevailing laws and policies; (2) presents basic education governance models in several federalized countries; (3) examines how the NCR may function and relate to its federal counterpart in the areas of curriculum and supervision, teacher standards and hiring guidelines, planning, data management, and resource provision; and (4) considers how shifting to federalism compares to strengthening the present setup in addressing inequities.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Mike Navallo, “ConCom approves proposed charter, backs shift to federalism,” ABS-CBN News.

  2. 2.

    Presidential Communications Operations Office, “President Duterte receives proposed federal constitution of Consultative Committee,” PCOO.

  3. 3.

    Consultative Committee to Review the 1987 Constitution, Bayanihan Federalism: Draft Constitution for a Strong, indissoluble Republic.

  4. 4.

    “Powers which are given to the exclusion of other political authorities are exclusive powers.” (Art. XII Sec. 3, Bayanihan Federalism Constitution).

  5. 5.

    Rosario Manasan, “Designing the Fiscal Features of a Federal Form of Government: Autonomy, Accountability, and Equity Considerations,” Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) Discussion Paper Series No. 2017-56, p. 6.

  6. 6.

    Joseph Capuno, “A case study of decentralization of health and education services in the Philippines,” Human Development Network (HDN) Discussion Paper Series No. 3 (2008/2009), p. 10.

  7. 7.

    Sec. 5 and Sec. 7 of RA 9155.

  8. 8.

    Ma. Cynthia Bautista, Allan Bernardo, Dina Ocampo, “When Reforms Don’t Transform: Reflections on institution reforms in the Department of Education,” HDN Discussion Paper Series No. 2 (2008/2009), p. 9.

  9. 9.

    World Bank and AusAID, School Based Management in the Philippines: An Empirical Investigation [Basic Education Public Expenditure Review: Phase II], p. iii.

  10. 10.

    Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS) in 2003, 2008, and 2015.

  11. 11.

    From DepEd Presentation to the Senate (2016) and DepEd 2018 Budget Presentation to Congress.

  12. 12.

    From DepEd Presentation to the Senate (2016).

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    From DepEd Presentation to the Senate (2016), DepEd 2018 Budget Presentation to Congress, and DBM.

  15. 15.

    From DepEd K to 12 Midterm Report to Congress Presentation and DepEd Presentation to the Senate (2016).

  16. 16.

    From National Demographic and Health Survey 2017.

  17. 17.

    Ibid.

  18. 18.

    Data from DepEd Planning Service.

  19. 19.

    Ibid.

  20. 20.

    Data from DepEd Planning Service.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Edilberto de Jesus, Anne Candelaria, et al., “K-12 Program: Sustaining Education under the Duterte Presidency,” Ateneo School of Government (ASOG) Working Paper 17-005, pp. 25‒34.

  23. 23.

    Sofia Tomacruz, “Expert says DepEd’s ALS ‘not fully effective’,” Rappler.

  24. 24.

    Neni Sta. Romana Cruz, “The burden of a large DepEd budget,” Philippine Daily Inquirer.

  25. 25.

    From “K-12 Program: Sustaining Education under the Duterte Presidency”.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    Iain Payne and Binayak Basnyat, “Nepal’s Federalism is in Jeopardy,” The Diplomat.

  28. 28.

    “Nepal votes to abolish monarchy,” BBC News.

  29. 29.

    UNESCO Office in Kathmandu, A Resource Material on Education and Federalism in Nepal, pp. VII‒IX.

  30. 30.

    Art. III Sec. 26(c) and Art. XVII Sec. 2, 3, 4.

  31. 31.

    “The rights under this article are demandable against the State and non-state actors, and their enforcement shall be consistent with international standards.” (Art. III Sec. 1).

  32. 32.

    Vicente V. Mendoza, “The Supreme Court under the Proposed Constitution,” UP Law Colloquium on 2018 Constitution.

  33. 33.

    From RA 9155 and RA 7160.

  34. 34.

    From DepEd Order 83, s. 2012.

  35. 35.

    World Bank and AusAID, School Based Management in the Philippines, p. 23.

  36. 36.

    Joseph Capuno, “A case study of the decentralization of health and education in the Philippines,” p. 6.

  37. 37.

    From family income expenditure survey 2015.

  38. 38.

    From labor force survey 2018 (end of year).

  39. 39.

    From national demographic and health survey 2017.

  40. 40.

    Philippine Statistics Authority, “Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) records the fastest economic growth in 2017,” PSA.

  41. 41.

    Sec. 235 of RA 7160 states that, “A province or city, or a municipality within the Metropolitan Manila Area, may levy and collect an annual tax of one percent (1%) on the assessed value of real property which shall be in addition to the basic real property tax. The proceeds thereof shall exclusively accrue to the Special Education Fund (SEF)”.

  42. 42.

    Data from Department of Finance Bureau of Local Government Finance (DOF BLGF); %share of education from authors’ own computations.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    Authors’ own computations from enrollment and SEF data of DepEd Planning Service and DOF BLGF, respectively.

  45. 45.

    Hilarion Davide, Jr., Charter Change and Federalism: Cruel Punishment for a God-Loving People, pp. 11‒13.

  46. 46.

    Ronald Mendoza and Jude Ocampo, “Caught Between Imperial Manila and the Provincial Dynasties: Towards a New Fiscal Federalism,” ASOG Working Paper 17-004, pp. 7‒9.

  47. 47.

    Joseph Capuno, “A case study of the decentralization of health and education in the Philippines,” p. 28.

  48. 48.

    Ibid.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Philippine Business for Social Progress, Mandaluyong City, Philippines

    Elvin Ivan Y. Uy

  2. College of Education, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

    Dina Joana S. Ocampo

Authors
  1. Elvin Ivan Y. Uy
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  2. Dina Joana S. Ocampo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dina Joana S. Ocampo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

    Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem

  2. Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

    Maria Ela L. Atienza

Appendix A

Authors’ own computations from NAT scores, enrollment and SEF data of DepEd Planning Service and DOF BLGF.

Appendix A

NAT scores vs SEF per capita of DepEd NCR

A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for five years from 2012 to 2016. S E F has an increasing trend. The line for N A T increases and declines at 45,000. Values are approximated.

NAT scores vs SEF per capita of DepEd NCR SDOs

A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Caloocan city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line decreases slightly after 2013, another line is constant.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Las Pinas city from 2012 to 2014. The two lines slightly increase after 2013.
A line graph plots S E F per capita and N A T scores for Makati City from 2012 to 2014. The two lines slightly increase after 2013.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Malabon city from 2012 to 2014. The two lines represent a slight variation after 2013.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Mandaluyong city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line is constant after 2013, S E F line increases slightly after 2013.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Manila city from 2012 to 2014. After 2013, N A T scores line decreases, another line increases.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Marikina city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line decreases slightly, another line increases slightly.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Muntinlupa city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line decreases, another line increases slightly.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Navotas city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line rises, then slightly decreases after 2013. S E F line slightly increases after 2013.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Paranaque city from 2012 to 2014. After 2013, the two lines decrease slightly.
A line graph plots S E F per capita and N A T scores for Pasay city from 2012 to 2014. The two lines depict slight variation and remain constant.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Pasig city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line decreases, another line increases slightly.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Quezon city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line decreases, another line slightly increases.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for San Juan city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line is constant, another line increases slightly.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Taguig city and Pateros from 2012 to 2014. The two lines slightly increase after 2013.
A line graph plots N A T scores and S E F per capita for Valenzuela city from 2012 to 2014. N A T scores line decreases, another line increases slightly.

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Uy, E.I.Y., Ocampo, D.J.S. (2023). Basic Education and Federalism: Implications and Options for the National Capital Region. In: Tadem, T.S.E., Atienza, M.E.L. (eds) A Better Metro Manila?. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7804-3_7

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