Abstract
The detection of highly energetic materials (HEMs), also called explosives, is a topic of interest worldwide. Many lives and property are lost every year due to the inappropriate use of these substances. In this research, an analytical methodology based on infrared (IR) vibrational spectroscopy is used to detect explosives. Transmittance mode spectra of TNT, DNT, PETN, and RDX were used as reference spectra. Nineteen solid samples of unknown composition were analyzed with this methodology. Quantitative comparative analyses based on the spectral correlation index were performed. Unsupervised multivariate analyses such as PCA were performed. The results show that IR spectroscopy is helpful for identifying if a sample has any HEMs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lopez-Lopez, M., Garcia-Ruiz, C.: Infrared Raman spectroscopy techniques applied to identification explosives. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 54, 36–44 (2014)
Akhavan, J.: The chemistry explosives. R. Soc. Chem. (2004)
Yinon, J.: Field detection monitoring explosives. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 21(4), 292–301 (2002)
Zonderman, J.: Beyond the Crime Lab: The New Science of Investigation. Wiley (1998)
Kelleher, J.D.: Explosives residue: origin and distribution. Forensic Sci. Commun. 4. (2002). Available online http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/forensic-sciencecommunications/fsc/april2002/kelleher.htm
Yallop, H.J.: Explosion Investigation. Forensic Science Society and Scottish Academic Press Ltd. (1980)
Abdul-Karim, N., Blackman, C.S., Gill, P.P., Wingstedt, E.M.M., Reif, B.A.P.: Post-blast explosive residue–a review of formation and dispersion theories and experimental research. RSC Adv. 4(97), 54354–54371 (2014)
Villanueva-López, V., Colón-Mercado, A.M., Vázquez-Vélez, K.M., Castro-Suarez, J.R., Rivera, L.C., Hernández-Rivera, S.P.: Trace detection of c-4 on aluminum using mid-infrared reflection–absorption quantum cascade laser spectroscopy. In: Developments and Advances in Defense and Security, pp. 227–239. Springer, Singapore (2022)
Pacheco-Londoño, L.C., Ortiz-Rivera, W., Primera-Pedrozo, O.M., Hernández-Rivera, S.P.: Vibrational spectroscopy standoff detection of explosives. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 395(2), 323–335 (2009)
Suter, J.D., Bernacki, B., Phillips, M.C.: Spectral and angular dependence of mid-infrared diffuse scattering from explosives residues for standoff detection using external cavity quantum cascade lasers. Appl. Phys. B. 108(4), 965–974 (2012)
Kumar, M., Islam, M. N., Terry, F.L., Freeman, M.J., Chan, A., Neelakandan, M., Manzur, T.: Stand-off detection of solid targets with diffuse reflection spectroscopy using a high-power mid-infrared supercontinuum source. Appl. Optics 51(15), 2794–2807 (2012)
Ledgard, J.: The Preparatory Manual of Explosives, 3rd edn. (2007)
Clarkson, J., Smith, W.E., Batchelder, D.N., Smith, D.A., Coats, A. M.: A Theoretical study of the structure and vibrations of 2,4,6-trinitrotolune. J. Mol. Struct. 648(3), 203–214 (2003)
Liu, G.F., Ma, X.J., Ma, S.H., Zhao, H.W., Ma, M.W., Ge, M., Wang, W.F.: Identification of explosives 2, 4‐dnt and 2, 6‐dnt using terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy. Chin J. Chem. 26(7), 1257–1261 (2008)
Perger, W.F., Zhao, J., Winey, J.M., Gupta, Y.M.: First-principles study of pentaerythritol tetranitrate single crystals under high pressure: Vibrational properties. Chem. Phys. Lett. 428(4–6), 394–399 (2006)
Prasad, R.L., Prasad, R., Bhar, G.C., Thakur, S.N.: Photoacoustic spectra and modes of vibration of TNT and RDX at CO2 laser wavelengths. Spectrochim Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 58(14), 3093–3102 (2002)
Gao, Q., Liu, Y., Li, H., Chen, H., Chai, Y., Lu, F.: Comparison of several chemometric methods of libraries and classifiers for the analysis of expired drugs based on Raman spectra. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 94, 58–64 (2014)
Beebe, K.R., Pell, R.J., Seasholtz, M.B.: Chemometrics: A Practical Guide. Wiley, New York (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Castro-Suarez, J.R., Delgado-Guevara, O., Colpas, F., Colón-Mercado, A.M., Hernández-Rivera, S.P. (2023). Detection of Highly Energetic Materials Using Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics. In: Rocha, Á., Fajardo-Toro, C.H., Riola, J.M. (eds) Developments and Advances in Defense and Security. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 328. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7689-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7689-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-7688-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-7689-6
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)