Abstract
Change has always been a necessary aspect of human life. While an important feature of contemporary times is that the process of change has become faster than ever, the scope, spread and sustainability of change continues to be dependent on the factors rousing the change, most important factors among these are the changes of voluntary nature and expected positive outcome.
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Notes
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These organizations cannot be called democratic. The UN has five permanent members in the Security Council with veto power. And among the veto powers US enjoys the greatest influence mainly due to its larger contribution to the organization. The voting power in IMF is determined by the capital subscription to the fund; as such the decision making is not based on one member-one-vote, but one-dollar-one vote. The WTO mechanism is different as compared to many other world bodies with each country having equal voting right but the extra ordinary human, intellectual and financial resources along with political influence give the rich countries a much greater influence in decision making. Similarly, G 7 countries play a key role in guiding contemporary world decision making in almost all important aspects of global governance particularly in the economic arena.
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International Monetary Fund World Outlook 2019.
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Semega, et. al. 2019, “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018” Report no. P60-266, United States Census Bureau.
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Elliot, L. 2017, World’s Eight Richest People have Same Wealth as Poorest 50%, The Guardian, 16th of January, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/jan/16/worlds-eight-richest-people-have-same- wealth-as-poorest-50.
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News Release 2017, World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/13-12-2017.
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WHO Report 2019, Drinking Water, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water.
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UNICEF 2018.
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SIPRI 2019, Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2018, SIPRI Fact Sheet April 2019.
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US military expenditure rose by 63% in real terms between 2000, just before George W. SIPRI Yearbook 2010, “Media Background—Military expenditure,” 2–3, http://www.sipri.org/media/media/pressreleases/pressreleasetranslations/storypackage_milex.
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Sabbagh, D. 2019, “UK Reclaims Place as World’s Second Largest Arms Exporter,” The Guardian, 30th July 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/30/uk-reclaims-place-as-worlds-second-largest-arms-exporter.
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Rahman, K. 2007, “MNCs and TNCs: Their Role and Socioeconomic Impact on Host Societies,” Policy Perspectives, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 115–126.
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The doctrine of “pre-emptive strike”, followed by occupation of Iraq despite the objections raised from all over the world is a glaring example of this unilateralist approach by the world’s most powerful country.
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Unilateral actions of India by revoking constitutional special status of Jammu & Kashmir on 5th August 2019 and establishment of US embassy in Jerusalem by Trump administration in May 2018 are two recent examples in this regard. During the debate in UNGA, the US representative Nikki Haley said: “We will remember it when we are called upon to once again make the world’s largest contribution to the United Nations, and so many countries come calling on us, as they so often do, to pay even more and to use our influence for their benefit.” She added that: “America will put our embassy in Jerusalem. That is what the American people want us to do, and it is the right thing to do. No vote in the United Nations will make any difference on that.
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For more discussion, see: Khurshid Ahmad, Pakistan’s Economic Journey Need For A New Paradigm, Foreword, Fasih Uddin, Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, 2018, xxvii–xxviii.
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Some of the excerpts of this speech are: “We are committed to combining the interests of the Chinese people with the common interests of the people of other countries, and always stand for fairness and justice. We maintain that all countries, big and small, strong and weak, rich and poor, are equal. We respect the right of the people of all countries to independently choose their own development path. We will never interfere in the internal affairs of other countries or impose our own will on them…”.
“China cannot develop in isolation – nor can the world enjoy prosperity and stability without China. The Chinese people will continue to work tireless with the people of other countries to bring about a better future for humanity.” “China will never seek benefits for itself at the expense of other countries and also will not shift its own troubles on to other.”.
“We support international efforts to help developing countries enhance their capacity for independent development and improve the lives of their people so as to narrow the North-South gap.”.
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Xin & Zheng 2019, “Xi Jinping Rallies China for Decades-Long ‘Struggle’ to Rise in Global Order, Amid Escalating US Trade, South China Morning Post,05th of September, 2019, https://www.scmp.com/economy/china- economy/article/3025725/xi-jinping-rallies-china-decades-long-struggle-rise-global.
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Rahman, K. (2023). Changing the World, and Its Challenges: Does the Chinese Model Offer an Opportunity?. In: Wang, L. (eds) China's Development and the Construction of the Community with a Shared Future for Mankind. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7423-6_67
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