Skip to main content

Grid-Based Imaging of X-rays and Gamma Rays with High Angular Resolution

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics

Abstract

This chapter contains an overview of the basic principles of X-ray and gamma-ray imaging for astronomy that achieve high angular resolution with non-focusing optics. Specific topics include systems with single-grid masks, with pairs of grids known as bi-grid collimators, and with more than two grids known as multi-grid collimators. A discussion of each type is given along with advantages and limitations of the various design options and descriptions of actual implementations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • S.D. Barthelmy, L.M. Barbier, J.R. Cummings, E.E. Fenimore, N. Gehrels, D. Hullinger, H.A. Krimm, C.B. Markwardt, D.M. Palmer, A. Parsons, G. Sato, M. Suzuki, T. Takahashi, M. Tashiro, J. Tueller, Space Sci. Rev. 120, 143 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Bradt, G. Garmire, M. Oda, G. Spada, B.V. Sreekantan, P. Gorenstein, H. Gursky, Space Sci. Rev. 8, 471 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.V.D. Bradt, T. Ohashi, K.A. Pounds, ARAA 30, 391 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Budden, PhD thesis, Louisiana State University, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Crannell, B.R. Dennis, J.P. Norris, L.E. Orwig, E.J. Schmahl, F.L. Lang, R. Starr, M.E. Greene, G.J. Hurford, W.N. Johnson, K.S. Wood, in AIAA International Balloon Conference, Albuquerque, vol. AIM-91-3653-CP, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Duncan, P. Saint-Hilaire, A.Y. Shih, G.J. Hurford, H.M. Bain, M. Amman, B.A. Mochizuki, J. Hoberman, J. Olson, B.A. Maruca, N.M. Godbole, D.M. Smith, J. Sample, N.A. Kelley, A. Zoglauer, A. Caspi, P. Kaufmann, S. Boggs, R.P. Lin, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, ed. by J.-W.A. den Herder, T. Takahashi, M. Bautz. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, vol. 9905 (2016), p. 99052Q

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Durouchoux, H. Hudson, J. Matteson, G. Hurford, K. Hurley, E. Orsal, Astron. Astrophys. 120, 150 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Enome, Adv. Space Res. 2, 201 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Fivian, R. Hemmeck, A. McHedlishvili, A. Zehnder, Sol. Phys. 210, 87 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.J. Hurford, ISSI Sci. Rep. Ser. 9, 223 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.J. Hurford, S. Krucker, R.P. Lin, R.A. Schwartz, G.H. Share, D.M. Smith, Astrophys. J. Lett. 644, L93 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.J. Hurford, E.J. Schmahl, R.A. Schwartz, A.J. Conway, M.J. Aschwanden, A. Csillaghy, B.R. Dennis, C. Johns-Krull, S. Krucker, R.P. Lin, J. McTiernan, T.R. Metcalf, J. Sato, D.M. Smith, Sol. Phys. 210, 61 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Kawai, M. Matsuoka, A. Yoshida, Y. Shirasaki, M. Namiki, K. Takagishi, M. Yamauchi, I. Hatsukade, E.E. Fenimore, M. Galassi, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 138, 563 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.S. Kim, M. Na, J.G. Ok, G. Kim, S.-J. Ye, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 66, 2114 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Kosugi, K. Makishima, T. Murakami, T. Sakao, T. Dotani, M. Inda, K. Kai, S. Masuda, H. Nakajima, Y. Ogawara, M. Sawa, K. Shibasaki, Sol. Phys. 136, 17 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Krucker, S. Christe, L. Glesener, S. Ishikawa, B. Ramsey, M. Gubarev, S. Saito, T. Takahashi, S. Watanabe, H. Tajima, T. Tanaka, P. Turin, D. Glaser, J. Fermin, R.P. Lin, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, ed. by S. Fineschi, J. Fennelly. Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation V, vol. 8862 (2013), p. 88620R

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Krucker, G.J. Hurford, O. Grimm, S. Kögl, H.P. Gröbelbauer, L. Etesi, D. Casadei, A. Csillaghy, A.O. Benz, N.G. Arnold, F. Molendini, P. Orleanski, D. Schori, H. Xiao, M. Kuhar, N. Hochmuth, S. Felix, F. Schramka, S. Marcin, S. Kobler, L. Iseli, M. Dreier, H.J. Wiehl, L. Kleint, M. Battaglia, E. Lastufka, H. Sathiapal, K. Lapadula, M. Bednarzik, G. Birrer, S. Stutz, C. Wild, F. Marone, K.R. Skup, A. Cichocki, K. Ber, K. Rutkowski, W. Bujwan, G. Juchnikowski, M. Winkler, M. Darmetko, M. Michalska, K. Seweryn, A. Białek, P. Osica, J. Sylwester, M. Kowalinski, D. Ścisłowski, M. Siarkowski, M. Steślicki, T. Mrozek, P. Podgórski, A. Meuris, O. Limousin, O. Gevin, I. Le Mer, S. Brun, A. Strugarek, N. Vilmer, S. Musset, M. Maksimović, F. Fárník, Z. Kozáček, J. Kašparová, G. Mann, H. Önel, A. Warmuth, J. Rendtel, J. Anderson, S. Bauer, F. Dionies, J. Paschke, D. Plüschke, M. Woche, F. Schuller, A.M. Veronig, E.C.M. Dickson, P.T. Gallagher, S.A. Maloney, D.S. Bloomfield, M. Piana, A.M. Massone, F. Benvenuto, P. Massa, R.A. Schwartz, B.R. Dennis, H.F. van Beek, J. Rodríguez-Pacheco, R.P. Lin, Astron. Astrophys. 642, A15 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Krucker, G.J. Hurford, A.L. MacKinnon, A.Y. Shih, R.P. Lin, Astrophys. J. Lett. 678, L63 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Lastufka, D. Casadei, G. Hurford, M. Kuhar, G. Torre, S. Krucker, Adv. Space Res. 66, 10 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.P. Lin, B.R. Dennis, G.J. Hurford, D.M. Smith, A. Zehnder, P.R. Harvey, D.W. Curtis, D. Pankow, P. Turin, M. Bester, A. Csillaghy, M. Lewis, N. Madden, H.F. van Beek, M. Appleby, T. Raudorf, J. McTiernan, R. Ramaty, E. Schmahl, R. Schwartz, S. Krucker, R. Abiad, T. Quinn, P. Berg, M. Hashii, R. Sterling, R. Jackson, R. Pratt, R.D. Campbell, D. Malone, D. Landis, C.P. Barrington-Leigh, S. Slassi-Sennou, C. Cork, D. Clark, D. Amato, L. Orwig, R. Boyle, I.S. Banks, K. Shirey, A.K. Tolbert, D. Zarro, F. Snow, K. Thomsen, R. Henneck, A. McHedlishvili, P. Ming, M. Fivian, J. Jordan, R. Wanner, J. Crubb, J. Preble, M. Matranga, A. Benz, H. Hudson, R.C. Canfield, G.D. Holman, C. Crannell, T. Kosugi, A.G. Emslie, N. Vilmer, J.C. Brown, C. Johns-Krull, M. Aschwanden, T. Metcalf, A. Conway, Sol. Phys. 210, 3 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.A. Lindsey, J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1917–1983) 68, 1708 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Makishima, T. Murakami, J. Nishimura, M. Oda, Y. Ogawara, Y. Tawara, S. Miyamoto, COSPAR, 20th Plenary Meeting, vol. 20, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Massa, A.F. Battaglia, A. Volpara, H. Collier, G.J. Hurford, M. Kuhar, E. Perracchione, S. Garbarino, A.M. Massone, F. Benvenuto, F. Schuller, A. Warmuth, E.C.M. Dickson, H. Xiao, S.A. Maloney, D.F. Ryan, M. Piana, S. Krucker (2022). arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2202.09334

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Masuda, in Multi-Wavelength Observations of Coronal Structure and Dynamics, ed. by P.C.H. Martens, D. Cauffman, vol. 10 (2002), pp. 351–359

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Mertz, in Modern Optics, ed. by J. Fox (1967), p. 787

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Oda, Appl. Opt. 4, 143 (1965)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Piana, A.M. Massone, G.J. Hurford, M. Prato, A.G. Emslie, E.P. Kontar, R.A. Schwartz, Astrophys. J. 665, 846 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Piana, A.G. Emslie, A.M. Massone, B.R. Dennis, Hard X-ray Imaging of Solar Flares (Springer, 2022), p. 164

    Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Prince, G.J. Hurford, H.S. Hudson, C.J. Crannell, Sol. Phys. 118, 269 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.D. Ramsey, R.A. Austin, R. Decher, Instrumentation for x-ray astronomy, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Report, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Schmahl, G.J. Hurford, Sol. Phys. 210, 273 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.W. Schnopper, R.I. Thompson, S. Watt, Space Sci. Rev. 8, 534 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Smith, R.P. Lin, P. Turin, D.W. Curtis, J.H. Primbsch, R.D. Campbell, R. Abiad, P. Schroeder, C.P. Cork, E.L. Hull, D.A. Land is, N.W. Madden, D. Malone, R.H. Pehl, T. Raudorf, P. Sangsingkeow, R. Boyle, I.S. Banks, K. Shirey, R. Schwartz, Sol. Phys. 210, 33 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Soller, Phys. Rev. 24, 158 (1924)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Ubertini, F. Lebrun, G. Di Cocco, A. Bazzano, A.J. Bird, K. Broenstad, A. Goldwurm, G. La Rosa, C. Labanti, P. Laurent, I.F. Mirabel, E.M. Quadrini, B. Ramsey, V. Reglero, L. Sabau, B. Sacco, R. Staubert, L. Vigroux, M.C. Weisskopf, A.A. Zdziarski, Astron. Astrophys. 411, L131 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.F. van Beek, C. de Jager, A. Schadee, Z. Svestka, A. Boelee, A. Duijveman, M. Galama, R. Hoekstra, P. Hoyng, R. Fryer, G.M. Simnett, J.P. Imhof, H. LaFleur, H.V.A.M. Maseland, W.M. Mels, J. Schrijver, J.J.M. van der Laan, P. van Rens, W. van Tend, F. Werkhoven, A.P. Willmore, J.W.G. Wilson, M.E. Machado, W. Zandee, Astrophys. J. Lett. 244, L157 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.F. van Beek, P. Hoyng, B. Lafleur, G.M. Simnett, Sol. Phys. 65, 39 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Villa, C.G. Page, M.J.L. Turner, B.A. Cooke, M.J. Ricketts, K.A. Pounds, D.J. Adams, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 176, 609 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Zehnder, J. Bialkowski, F. Burri, M. Fivian, R. Henneck, A. Mchedlishvili, P. Ming, J. Welte, K. Thomsen, D. Clark, B.R. Dennis, G.J. Hurford, D.W. Curtis, P.R. Harvey, D.H. Pankow, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, ed. by S.L. Keil, S.V. Avakyan. Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics, vol. 4853 (2003), pp. 41–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhang, D.-Y. Chen, J. Wu, J. Chang, Y.-M. Hu, Y. Su, Y. Zhang, J.-P. Wang, Y.-M. Liang, T. Ma, J.-H. Guo, M.-S. Cai, Y.-Q. Zhang, Y.-Y. Huang, X.-Y. Peng, Z.-B. Tang, X. Zhao, H.-H. Zhou, L.-G. Wang, J.-X. Song, M. Ma, G.-Z. Xu, J.-F. Yang, D. Lu, Y.-H. He, J.-Y. Tao, X.-L. Ma, B.-G. Lv, Y.-P. Bai, C.-X. Cao, Y. Huang, W.-Q. Gan, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 19, 160 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pascal Saint-Hilaire .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Saint-Hilaire, P., Shih, A.Y., Hurford, G.J., Dennis, B. (2024). Grid-Based Imaging of X-rays and Gamma Rays with High Angular Resolution. In: Bambi, C., Santangelo, A. (eds) Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7_170

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics