Abstract
In the food industry food additives, flavors, and colorants are immensely utilized in order to improve the quality and safety of food throughout storage, processing, and packaging. Additives can also enhance the nutritional content of some products while also improving their texture, taste, color, and consistency. As a result, food additives are now required in all the food products we are consuming as well as in the food industry too. These compounds are generally obtained through one of the three methods: bio-production, extraction using natural sources, or chemically synthesized, with the last two being the most common. Though chemical synthesis is less expensive, the health hazards linked with it are still a worry. Chemical reactions for the metabolism in the living species are usually driven by enzymes. Food additives and raw materials have been processed using biocatalysts since the dawn of time. Although various enzymes have been found to be helpful in the biosynthesis of food additives and flavors, the production of these compounds in industry using enzymes still remain unnoticed. As a result, we have focused on enzymatic production technology being the most important and commercially viable option for the production of a wide range of natural flavors, food additives, and antioxidants in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abada EA (2019) Application of microbial enzymes in the dairy industry. In: Enzymes in food biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 61–72
Agyei D, Akanbi TO, Oey I (2019) Enzymes for use in functional foods. In: Enzymes in food biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 129–147
Ahmed WS, Geethakumari AM, Biswas KH (2021) Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5): structure-function regulation and therapeutic applications of inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 134:111128
Akanbi TO, Barrow CJ, Byrne N (2012) Increased hydrolysis by Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase for omega-3 fatty acids in the presence of a protic ionic liquid. Catal Sci Technol 2:1839–1841
Akanbi TO, Ji D, Agyei D (2020) Revisiting the scope and applications of food enzymes from extremophiles. J Food Biochem 44:13475
Aravindan R, Anbumathi P, Viruthagiri T (2007) Lipase applications in food industry. Indian J Biotechnol 6:141–158
Aruna K, Shah J, Birmole R (2014) Production and partial characterization of alkaline protease from Bacillus tequilensis strains CSGAB 0139 isolated from spoilt cottage cheese. Int J Appl Biol Pharm 5:201–221
Basso, A., & Serban, S. (2020) Overview of immobilized enzymes’ applications in pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industry. Immobilization of enzymes and cells, 27-63
Bhavsar KV, Yadav GD (2019) Synthesis of geranyl acetate by transesterification of geraniol with ethyl acetate over Candida antarctica lipase as catalyst in solvent-free system. Flavour Fragrance J 34:288–293
Bigelis R (1992) Flavor metabolites and enzymes from filamentous fungi. Food Technol 46(10):151–161
Chang S-W, Shaw J-F, Shieh C-J (2003) Optimization of enzymatically prepared hexyl butyrate by lipozyme IM-77. Food Technol Biotechnol 41:237–242
Choi J-M, Han S-S, Kim H-S (2015) Industrial applications of enzyme biocatalysis: current status and future aspects. Biotechnol Adv 33:1443–1454
Codex (2021). http://www.codexalimentarius.org/
EFSA (2021). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2021-12/7033.pdf
FAO (2021). https://www.fao.org/publications/sofa/sofa-2021/en/
FDA (2020). https://www.fda.gov/industry/color-additive-inventories/color-additive-status-list
Geisslitz S, Weegels P, Shewry P, Zevallos V, Masci S, Sorrells M, Brouns F (2022) Wheat amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs): occurrence, function and health aspects. Eur J Nutr:1–8
Gurung N, Ray S, Bose S, Rai V (2013) A broader view: microbial enzymes and their relevance in industries, medicine, and beyond. BioMed Research International, 2013
Homaei A (2016) Enzyme immobilization and its application in the food industry. In: Advances in food biotechnology, 1st edn. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 145–164
Huang SM, Huang HY, Chen YM, Kuo CH, Shieh CJ (2020) Continuous production of 2-phenylethyl acetate in a solvent-free system using a packed-bed reactor with Novozym 435. Catalysts 10:714
IHS Markit (2020). https://ihsmarkit.com/products/chemical-food-additives-scup.html
Jaiswal KS, Rathod VK (2022) Process intensification of enzymatic synthesis of flavor esters: a review. Chem Rec 22(3):e202100213
Katrolia P, Rajashekhara E, Yan Q, Jiang Z (2014) Biotechnological potential of microbial α-galactosidases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 34(4):307–317
Kote N, Manjula AC, Vishwanatha T, Patil AGG (2020) High-yield production and biochemical characterization of α-galactosidase produced from locally isolated Penicillium sp. Bull Nat Res Centre 44(1):1–10
Lekshmi R, Nisha SA, Vasan PT, Kaleeswaran B (2021) A comprehensive review on tannase: microbes associated production of tannase exploiting tannin rich agro-industrial wastes with special reference to its potential environmental and industrial applications. Environ Res 201:111625
Li Z, Scott K, Hemar Y, Zhang H, Otter D (2018) Purification and characterisation of a protease (tamarillin) from tamarillo fruit. Food Chem 256:228–234
Lin X, Ma L, Racette SB, Anderson Spearie CL, Ostlund RE Jr (2009) Phytosterol glycosides reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296:G931–G935
Manoochehri H, Hosseini NF, Saidijam M, Taheri M, Rezaee H, Nouri F (2020) A review on invertase: its potentials and applications. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 25:101599
Martins SL, Albuquerque BF, Nunes MAP, Ribeiro MHL (2018) Exploring magnetic and imprinted cross-linked enzyme aggregates of rhamnopyranosidase in microbioreactors. Bioresour Technol 249:704–712
Mathesh M, Luan B, Akanbi TO, Weber JK, Liu J, Barrow CJ, Zhou R, Yang W (2016) Opening lids: modulation of lipase immobilization by graphene oxides. ACS Catal 6:4760–4768
Meshram A, Singhal G, Bhagyawant SS, Srivastava N (2019) Plant-derived enzymes: a treasure for food biotechnology. In: Enzymes in food biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 483–502
Müller DA (2007) Flavours: the legal framework, flavours and fragrances. Springer, Berlin, pp 15–24
Novak U, Lavric D, Žnidaršiè-Plazl P (2016) Continuous lipase B-catalyzed isoamyl acetate synthesis in a two-liquid phase system using corning AFR module coupled with a membrane separator enabling biocatalyst recycle. J Flow Chem 6:33–38
Okolie CL, Akanbi TO, Mason B, Udenigwe CC, Aryee AN (2019) Influence of conventional and recent extraction technologies on physico-chemical properties of bioactive macromolecules from natural sources: a review. Food Res Int 116:827–839
Pandey A, Nigam P, Soccol CR, Singh D, Soccol VT, Mohan R (2000) Advances in microbial amylases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 31:135–152
Patel AK, Singhani RR, Pandey A (2016) Novel enzymatic processes applied to the food industry. Curr Opin Food Sci 7:64–72
Peña-Lucio E, Chávez-González ML, Londoño-Hernandez L, Govea-Salas M, Abdulhameed S, Aguilar CN (2021) Microbial caffeinases: biosynthesis and properties. In: Microbial and natural macromolecules. Academic Press, pp 87–99
Ramadan MF (2019) Enzymes in fruit juice processing. In: Enzymes in food biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 45–59
Raveendran S, Parameswaran B, Ummalyma SB, Abraham A, Mathew AK, Madhavan A, Pandey A (2018) Applications of microbial enzymes in food industry. Food Technol Biotechnol 56(1):16
Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R (2010) Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as an industrial biocatalyst in chemical process. J Mol Catal B Enzym 64(1–2):1–22
Saltmarsh M (2020) Food additives and why they are used, pp 1–9
Sá AGA, de Meneses AC, de Oliveira D, de Araújo PHH (2017) A review on enzymatic synthesis of aromatic esters used as flavor ingredients for food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries. Trends Food Sci Technol 69:95–105
Sharma S, Kuila A, Sharma V (2017) Enzymatic hydrolysis of thermochemically pretreated biomass using a mixture of cellulolytic enzymes produced from different fungal sources. Clean Techn Environ Policy 19(5):1577–1584
Shrestha S, Rahman M, Qin W (2021) New insights in pectinase production development and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105(24):9069–9087
Singh PK, Shrivastava N, Ojha BK (2019) Enzymes in the meat industry. In: Enzymes in food biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 111–128
Şöhretoğlu D, Sari S (2020) Flavonoids as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: mechanistic approaches merged with enzyme kinetics and molecular modelling. Phytochem Rev 19(5):1081–1092
Sousa RR, Silva AS, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Ferreira-Leitao VS (2021) Solvent-free esterifications mediated by immobilized lipases: a review from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Cat Sci Technol 11:5696–5711
Spohner SC, Müller H, Quitmann H, Czermak P (2015) Expression of enzymes for the usage in food and feed industry with Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 202:118–134
Sun L, Xin F, Alper HS (2021) Bio-synthesis of food additives and colorants—a growing trend in future food. Biotechnol Adv 47:107694
Szymczak T, Cybulska J, Podleśny M, Frąc M (2021) Various perspectives on microbial lipase production using agri-food waste and renewable products. Agriculture 11(6):540
Trani A, Loizzo P, Cassone A, Faccia M (2017) Enzymes applications for the dairy industry. In: Industrial enzyme applications. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 166–175
Villas-Boas F, Franco CM (2016) Effect of bacterial β-amylase and fungal α-amylase on the digestibility and structural characteristics of potato and arrowroot starches. Food Hydrocoll 52:795–803
Viniegra-González G, Favela-Torres E, Aguilar CN, Romero-Gomez S, DÃaz-Godinez G, Augur C (2003) Advantages of fungal enzyme production in solid state over liquid systems. Biochem Eng J 13:157–167
Wang X, Wang X, Cong F, Xu Y, Kang J, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Xing K, Zhang G, Pan H (2018a) Synthesis of cinnamyl acetate catalysed by highly reusable cotton-immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase. Biocatal Biotransformation 36:332–339
Wang Y, He L, Pan Q, Duan C, Wang J (2018b) Effects of basal defoliation on wine aromas: a meta-analysis. Molecules 23(4):779
Whitaker JR (1990) New and future uses of enzymes in food processing. Food Biotechnol 4(2):669–698
Xu P, Zhang SY, Luo ZG, Zong MH, Li XX, Lou WY (2021) Biotechnology and bioengineering of pullulanase: state of the art and perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 37(3):1–10
Yadav M, Sehrawat N, Sharma AK, Kumar V, Kumar A (2021) Naringinase: microbial sources, production and applications in food processing industry. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci:717–720
Zhang Y, He S, Simpson BK (2018) Enzymes in food bioprocessing—novel food enzymes, applications, and related techniques. Curr Opin Food Sci 19:30–35
Zhang S, Guo F, Yan W, Dong W, Zhou J, Zhang W, Jiang M (2020) Perspectives for the microbial production of ethyl acetate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104(17):7239–7245
Zhang P, Zhang R, Sirisena S, Gan R, Fang Z (2021) Beta-glucosidase activity of wine yeasts and its impacts on wine volatiles and phenolics: a mini-review. Food Microbiol 100:103859
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Annapure, U.S., Rout, S., Srivastav, P.P. (2022). Applications of Enzymes in Food Industries as Additives. In: Nadda, A.K., Goel, G. (eds) Microbes for Natural Food Additives. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 38. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5711-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5711-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-5710-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-5711-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)