Skip to main content

Chemistry of Animal Tissues

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Food Chemistry

Abstract

Meat forms an essential part of the non-vegetarian diet and is liked for its unique taste. It is a rich source of nutrients, providing good quality animal proteins, essential amino acids and fatty acids, minerals, trace elements and vitamins particularly B-complex. The muscle tissue constitutes the major part of the carcass of meat animals which is considered as food. Muscle fibres are the basic units of both the living muscle and of meat. The conversion of muscle to meat is a very complex process. This process is known to affect the meat qualities like colour and flavour which are dependent on the oxidative changes occurring in meat. This chapter deals with the composition of meat, its structure and conversion of muscle to meat, physical and chemical characteristics and the chemistry of spoilage. The chapter concludes with a description of chemical changes occurring in meat as a result of different processing and preservation techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aalhus JL, Best DR, Murray AC et al (1998) A comparison of the quality characteristics of pale, soft and exudative beef and pork. J Muscle Foods 9(3):267–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abe F (2007) Exploration of the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on microbial growth, physiology and survival: perspectives from piezo physiology. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71(10):2347–2357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aberle ED, Forrest JC, Gerrard DE et al (2001) Principles of meat science. Hunt Publishing Company, Kendal

    Google Scholar 

  • Adzitey F, Nurul H (2011) Pale soft exudative (PSE) and dark firm dry (DFD) meats: causes and measures to reduce these incidences-a mini review. Int Food Res J 18(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aggett PJ, Comerford JG (1995) Zinc and human health. Nutr Rev 53(9):S16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn DU, Sell JL, Jo C et al (1998) Effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on lipid oxidation and volatiles content of irradiated, cooked Turkey meat patties with different packaging. Poultry Sci 77(6):912–920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn DU, Jo C, Du M, Olson DG et al (2000) Quality characteristics of pork patties irradiated and stored in different packaging and storage conditions. Meat Sci 56(2):203–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn DU, Nam KC, Du M et al (2001) Effect of irradiation and packaging conditions after cooking on the formation of cholesterol and lipid oxidation products in meats during storage. Meat Sci 57(4):413–418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akagawa M, Sasaki D, Kurota Y et al (2005) Formation of α aminoadipic and γ-glutamic semialdehydes in proteins by the Maillard reaction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1043(1):129–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrés AI, Møller JK, Adamsen CE et al (2004) High pressure treatment of dry-cured Iberian ham. Effect on radical formation, lipid oxidation and colour. Eur Food Res Technol 219(3):205–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aymerich T, Picouet PA, Monfort JM (2008) Decontamination technologies for meat products. Meat Sci 78(1):114–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azam K, Mackie IM, Smith J (1990) Effect of stunning method on the time of onset, duration and resolution of rigor in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) as measured by visual observation and analysis for lactic acid, nucleotide-degradation products and glycogen. In: Science et Technique du Froid (France). Proceedings of the meeting of commission C2 1.1 .F.-I.I.R, Aberdeen, pp 351–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Babić J, Cantalejo MJ, Arroqui C (2009) The effects of freeze-drying process parameters on broiler chicken breast meat. LWT-Food Sci Technol 42(8):1325–1334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badr HM (2004) Use of irradiation to control food borne pathogens and extend the refrigerated market life of rabbit meat. Meat Sci 67(4):541–548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badr HM, Mahmoud KA (2011) Antioxidant activity of carrot juice in gamma irradiated beef sausage during refrigerated and frozen storage. Food Chem 127(3):1119–1130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker CGJ (1997) Dryer selection in industrial drying of foods. Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp 242–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa-Canovas GV, Pothakamury UR, Swanson BG (1995) State of the art technologies for the stabilization of foods by non-thermal processes: physical methods. In: Barbosa-Ca’novas GV, Welt-Chanes J (eds) Food preservation by moisture control. Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster and Basel, pp 493–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Belury MA (2002) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Annu Rev Nutr 22(1):505–531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bendall JR, Swatland HJ (1988) A review of the relationships of pH with physical aspects of pork quality. Meat Sci 24(2):85–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bendall JR, Wismer-Pedersen J (1962) Some properties of the fibrillar proteins of normal and watery pork muscle. J Food Sci 27(2):144–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berlett BS, Stadtman ER (1997) Protein oxidation in aging, disease, and oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 272(33):20313–20316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berrazaga I, Micard V, Gueugneau M (2019, 1825) The role of the anabolic properties of plant-versus animal-based protein sources in supporting muscle mass maintenance: a critical review. Nutrients 11(8)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bimbenet JJ, Bonazzi C, Dumoulin E (2002) Drying of foodstuffs. In: Proceeding of the 13th international drying symposium, Beijing, China, pp 26–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolumar T, Skibsted LH, Orlien V (2012) Kinetics of the formation of radicals in meat during high pressure processing. Food Chem 134(4):2114–2120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buttkus H (1963) Red and white muscle of fish in relation to rigor mortis. J Fish Res Board Can 20(1):45–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campus M, Flores M, Martinez A et al (2008) Effect of high pressure treatment on colour, microbial and chemical characteristics of dry cured loin. Meat Sci 80(4):1174–1181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlez A, Veciana-Nogues T, Cheftel JC (1995) Changes in colour and myoglobin of minced beef meat due to high pressure processing. LWT-Food Sci Technol 28(5):528–538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter JF, Crowe JH (1989) An infrared spectroscopic study of the interactions of carbohydrates with dried proteins. Biochemist 28(9):3916–3922

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cava R, Ladero L, González S, Carrasco A et al (2009) Effect of pressure and holding time on colour, protein and lipid oxidation of sliced dry-cured Iberian ham and loin during refrigerated storage. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 10(1):76–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaijan M (2008) Lipid and myoglobin oxidations in muscle foods. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 30(1):47–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan W, Brown JM, Buss D (eds) (1995) Meat poultry and game: fifth supplement to the fifth edition of McCance and Widdowson’s The composition of foods. Royal Society of Chemistry

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman B, Winley E, Fong AS et al (2007) Ascospore inactivation and germination by high pressure processing is affected by ascospore age. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 8(4):531–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chmiel M, Słowiński M, Dasiewicz K (2011) Lightness of the color measured by computer image analysis as a factor for assessing the quality of pork meat. Meat Sci 88(3):566–570

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Codex Alimentarius Commission, Code of Hygienic Practice for Meat (2005) https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXC%2B58-2005%252FCXP_058e.pdf

  • Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy (COMA) (2000) Folic acid and the prevention of disease. TSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalgleish JM (1990) Freeze-drying for the food industries. Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 57–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson PM, Branden AL (1981) Antimicrobial activity of non-halogenated phenolic compounds. J Food Prot 44(8):623–632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies MJ (2005) The oxidative environment and protein damage. Biochim Biophys Acta -Proteins and Proteomics 1703(2):93–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Gonzalez MN, Hafley BS, Boleman RM et al (2008) Antioxidant properties of plum concentrates and powder in precooked roast beef to reduce lipid oxidation. Meat Sci 80(4):997–1004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decker EA, Xu Z (1998) Minimizing rancidity in muscle foods. Food Technol (Chicago) 52(10):54–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempster JF, Hawrysh ZJ, Shand P et al (1985) Effect of low-dose irradiation (radurization) on the shelf life of beef burgers stored at 3°C. Int J Food Sci Technol 20(2):145–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donsì G, Ferrari G, Matteo DI (2001) Utilization of combined processes in freeze-drying of shrimps. Food Bioprod Process 79(3):152–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield E (1994) Tenderness of meat, poultry and fish. In: Quality attributes and their measurement in meat, poultry and fish products. Springer, Boston, MA, pp 289–315

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Drewnowski A (1995) Energy intake and sensory properties of food. Am soc. Clin Nutr 62s:1081Se1085S

    Google Scholar 

  • Droulez V, Williams PG, Levy G et al (2006) Composition of Australian red meat 2002. 2. Fatty acid profile. Food Aust 58(7):335–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugan LR Jr (1971) Fats. In: Price JE, Schweigert BS (eds) The science of meat and meat products. W.H. Freeman & Company, San Francisco, CA. 2nd edition 133

    Google Scholar 

  • Enser M, Hallett K, Hewitt B et al (1996) Fatty acid content and composition of English beef, lamb and pork at retail. Meat Sci 42(4):443–456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estévez M (2011) Protein carbonyls in meat systems: a review. Meat Sci 89(3):259–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estevez M, Kylli P, Puolanne E et al (2008) Oxidation of skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins in oil-in-water emulsions: interaction with lipids and effect of selected phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 56(22):10933–10940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1990) Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAOSTAT citation database results. FAO. http://faostat.fao.org/faostat

    Google Scholar 

  • Farkas BE, Singh RP (1991) Physical properties of air-dried and freeze-dried chicken white meat. J Food Sci 56(3):611–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farr D (2003) High pressure processing in food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 1:14–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feeney RE, Blankenhorn G, Dixon HB (1974) Carbonyl-amine reactions in protein chemistry. Adv Protein Chem 29:135–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández J, Pérez-Álvarez JA, Fernández-López JA (1997) Thiobarbituric acid test for monitoring lipid oxidation in meat. Food Chem 59(3):345–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frederiksen AM, Lund MN, Andersen ML et al (2008) Oxidation of porcine myosin by hypervalent myoglobin: the role of thiol groups. J Agric Food Chem 56(9):3297–3304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes V, Ventanas J, Morcuende D et al (2010) Lipid and protein oxidation and sensory properties of vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham subjected to high hydrostatic pressure. Meat Sci 85(3):506–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii J, Otsu K, Zorzato F et al (1991) Identification of a mutation in porcine ryanodine receptor associated with malignant hyperthermia. Science 253(5018):448–451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganhão R, Morcuende D, Estévez M (2010) Protein oxidation in emulsified cooked burger patties with added fruit extracts: influence on colour and texture deterioration during chill storage. Meat Sci 85(3):402–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garriga M, Grebol N, Aymerich MT et al (2004) Microbial inactivation after high-pressure processing at 600 MPa in commercial meat products over its shelf life. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 5(4):451–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gatellier P, Santé-Lhoutellier V (2009) Digestion study of proteins from cooked meat using an enzymatic microreactor. Meat Sci 81(2):405–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatellier P, Kondjoyan A, Portanguen S et al (2010) Effect of cooking on protein oxidation in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched beef. Implication on nutritional quality. Meat Sci 85(4):645–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gavino VC, Gavino G, Leblanc MJ et al (2000) An isomeric mixture of conjugated linoleic acids but not pure cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid affects body weight gain and plasma lipids in hamsters. J Nutr 130(1):27–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geesink G, Sujang S, Koohmaraie M (2011) Tenderness of pre-and post rigor lamb longissimus muscle. Meat Sci 88(4):723–726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson SA, Ashwell M (1997) New vitamin D values for meat and their implication for vitamin D intake in adults. Proc Nutr Soc 56:116A

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill CO (1986) The control of microbial spoilage in fresh meats. In: Pearson AM, Dutson TR (eds) Advances in meat research meat and poultry microbiology. MacMillan, New York, pp 49–88

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Girard JP, Omolosho DA (1983) Technological problems related to the drying of raw and cooked meats. In: 29th European congress of meat researcher workers: Salsomaggiore (Parma), 29.8–2.9

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalan C, Rama Sastri BV, Balasubramanian SC (1971) Nutritive value of Indian food. National Institute of nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould GW (2000) Preservation: past, present and future. Br Med Bull 56(1):84–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grolichova M, Dvořák P, Musilova H (2004) Employing ionizing radiation to enhance food safety–a review. Acta Vet Brno 73(1):143–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg L, Hulthén L (2000) Prediction of dietary iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr 71(5):1147–1160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen E, Juncher D, Henckel P et al (2004) Oxidative stability of chilled pork chops following long term freeze storage. Meat Sci 68(3):479–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinz V, Buckow R (2010) Food preservation by high pressure. J Verbrauch Lebensm 5(1):73–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgs J, Mulvihill B (2002) The nutritional quality of meat. Meat processing: improving quality. In: Kerry J, Kerry J, Ledward D (eds) Woodhead publishing series in food science, technology and nutrition, meat processing. Woodhead Publishing, pp 64–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Honikel KO (1998) Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristics of meat. Meat Sci 49(4):447–457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honikel KO (2008) The use and control of nitrate and nitrite for the processing of meat products. Meat Sci 78(1):68–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honikel KO, Kim CJ, Hamm R et al (1986) Sarcomere shortening of prerigor muscles and its influence on drip loss. Meat Sci 16(4):267–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA et al (1997) Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1747–1764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE et al (1999) Dietary saturated fats and their food sources in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 70(6):1001–1008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huff-Lonergan E, Lonergan SM (2005) Mechanisms of water-holding capacity of meat: the role of postmortem biochemical and structural changes. Meat Sci 71(1):194–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman KL, Miller MF, Hoover LC et al (1996) Effect of beef tenderness on consumer satisfaction with steaks consumed in the home and restaurant. J Animal Sci 74(1):91–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hui YH, Nip WK, Rogers R et al (2001) Meat composition in meat science and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hyldig G, Nielsen D (2001) A review of sensory and instrumental methods used to evaluate the texture of fish muscle. J Texture Stud:219–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Igene JO, Yamauchi K, Pearson AM et al (1985) Mechanisms by which nitrite inhibits the development of warmed-over flavour (WOF) in cured meat. Food Chem 18(1):1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob RH, Thomson KL (2012) The importance of chill rate when characterising colour change of lamb meat during retail display. Meat Sci 90(2):478–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayasingh P, Cornforth DP, Brennand CP et al (2002) Sensory evaluation of ground beef stored in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging. J Food Sci 67(9):3493–3496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayathilakan K, Sultana K, Radhakrishna K et al (2009a) Effect of lactic acid and irradiation on the shelf stability characteristics of hurdle processed chicken legs. Int J Poultry Sci 8(7):665–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayathilakan K, Sultana K, Radhakrishna K et al (2009b) Effect of lactic acid and irradiation on the quality characteristics of hurdle processed chicken legs. Int J Poultry Sci 8(7):665–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Colmenero F, Borderias AJ (2003) High-pressure processing of myosystems. Uncertainties in methodology and their consequences for evaluation of results. Eur Food Res Technol 217(6):461–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jofré A, Aymerich T, Grèbol N et al (2009) Efficiency of high hydrostatic pressure at 600 MPa against food-borne microorganisms by challenge tests on convenience meat products. LWT-Food Sci Technol 42(5):924–928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung S, Ghoul M, de Lamballerie-Anton M (2000) Changes in lysosomal enzyme activities and shear values of high pressure treated meat during ageing. Meat Sci 56(3):239–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanatt SR, Chander R, Sharma A (2006) Effect of radiation processing of lamb meat on its lipids. Food Chem 97(1):80–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanatt SR, Chander R, Sharma A (2007) Antioxidant potential of mint (Mentha spicata L.) in radiation-processed lamb meat. Food Chem 100(2):451–458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner J, Harel S (1985) Initiation of membranal lipid peroxidation by activated metmyoglobin and methemoglobin. Arch Biochem Biophys 237(2):314–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner J, Rosenthal I (1992) An assessment of lipid oxidation in foods (technical report). Pure Appl Chem 64(12):1959–1964

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsaras K, Peetz P (1990) Morphological changes in dark cutting beef when heated. Fleischwirtschaft (Germany, FR) 70:68–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur BP, Kaushik N, Rao PS et al (2013) Effect of high-pressure processing on physical, biochemical, and microbiological characteristics of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Food Bioprocess Technol 6(6):1390–1400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King NJ, Whyte R (2006) Does it look cooked? A review of factors that influence cooked meat color. J Food Sci 71(4):R31–R40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchheim U, Kinast C, Schone F (2001) Early post-mortem measurements as indicator of meat quality characteristics. Fleischwirtschaft 81(1):89–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss IF, Beczner J, Zachariev GY et al (1990) Irradiation of meat products, chicken and use of irradiated spices for sausages. Int J Radiat Appl Instrum Part C Radiat Phys Chem 36(3):295–299

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjällstrand J, Petersson G (2001) Phenolic antioxidants in wood smoke. Sci Total Environ 277(1):69–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kong F, Tang J, Lin M et al (2008) Thermal effects on chicken and salmon muscles: tenderness, cook loss, area shrinkage, collagen solubility and microstructure. LWT-Food Sci Technol 41(7):1210–1222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koohmaraie M (1994) Muscle proteinases and meat aging. Meat Sci 36(1–2):93–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koohmaraie M, Geesink GH (2006) Contribution of postmortem muscle biochemistry to the delivery of consistent meat quality with particular focus on the calpain system. Meat Sci 74(1):34–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koutsoumanis K, Nychas GJ (1999) Chemical and sensory changes associated with microbial flora of mediterranean boque (Boops boops) stored aerobically at 0, 3, 7, and 10°C. Appl Environ Microbiol 65(2):698–706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs-Nolan J, Phillips M, Mine Y (2005) Advances in the value of eggs and egg components for human health. J Agric Food Chem 53(22):8421–8431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Buckley SA et al (1999) Effects of long-term feeding of diets containing moniliformin, supplied by fusarium fujikuroi culture material, and fumonisin, supplied by fusarium moniliforme culture material, to laying hens. Poult Sci 78(11):1499–1505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubow S (1992) Routes of formation and toxic consequences of lipid oxidation products in foods. Free Radic Biol Med 12(1):63–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence TE, Dikeman ME, Hunt MC et al (2003) Staged injection marination with calcium lactate, phosphate and salt may improve beef water-binding ability and palatability traits. Meat Sci 65(3):967–972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie RA (1985) Meat science, 4th edn. Pergamon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie RA (1998) The conversion of muscle to meat. In: Lawrie’s meat science, 6th edn. Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, England, pp 96–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie RA, Ledward DA (2006) Chemical and biochemical constitution of muscle. Lawrie’s Meat Science CRC Press, New York, In, pp 87–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee A, Griffin B (2006) Dietary cholesterol, eggs and coronary heart disease risk in perspective. Nutr Bull 31:21–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KH, Yook HS, Lee JW et al (1999) Effects of antioxidants on oxidation of tallow by gamma irradiation. Korean J Food Sci Technol 31(1):7–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leistner L (2000) Basic aspects of food preservation by hurdle technology. Int J Food Microbiol 55(1–3):181–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leistner L, Gorris LG (1995) Food preservation by hurdle technology. Trends Food Sci Technol 6(2):41–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leygonie C, Britz TJ, Hoffman LC (2012) Impact of freezing and thawing on the quality of meat. Meat Sci 91(2):93–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Listrat A, Lebret B, Louveau I et al (2016) How structure and composition muscle influences meat and flesh quantity. Sci World J 2016:1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu G, Xiong YL (2000) Oxidatively induced chemical changes and interactions of mixed myosin, β-lactoglobulin and soy 7S globulin. J Sci Food Agric 80(11):1601–1607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • López-Caballero ME, Pérez-Mateos M, Borderias JA, Montero P (2000) Extension of the shelf life of prawns (Penaeus japonicus) by vacuum packaging and high-pressure treatment. J Food Prot 63(10):1381–1388

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundström K, Essen-Gustavsson B, Rundgren M (1989) Effect of halothane genotype on muscle metabolism at slaughter and its relationship with meat quality: a within-litter comparison. Meat Sci 25(4):251–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma F, Chen C, Zheng L et al (2013) Effect of high pressure processing on the gel properties of salt-soluble meat protein containing CaCl2 and κ-carrageenan. Meat Sci 95(1):22–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mancini RA, Hunt M (2005) Current research in meat color. Meat Sci 71(1):100–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mariutti LR, Orlien V, Bragagnolo N et al (2008) Effect of sage and garlic on lipid oxidation in high-pressure processed chicken meat. Eur Food Res Technol 227(2):337–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinaud A, Mercier Y, Marinova P et al (1997) Comparison of oxidative processes on myofibrillar proteins from beef during maturation and by different model oxidation systems. J Agric Food Chem 45(7):2481–2487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArdle R, Marcos B, Kerry JP (2010) Monitoring the effects of high pressure processing and temperature on selected beef quality attributes. Meat Sci 86(3):629–634

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mcmeekin TA (1982) Microbial spoilage of meats. In: RDavies. London, UK, Applied Science Publishers p, Developments in Food Microbiology, pp 1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller RK (1994) Quality characteristics. In Muscle foods Springer, US, pp 296–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller MF, Carr MA, Ramsey CB et al (2001) Consumer thresholds for establishing the value of beef tenderness. J Animal Sci 79(12):3062–3068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller RK, Kerry J, Ledward D (2002) Factors affecting the quality of raw meat (meat processing improving quality). Elsevier, pp 27–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussa M, Perrier-Cornet JM, Gervais P (2007) Damage in Escherichia coli cells treated with a combination of high hydrostatic pressure and subzero temperature. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(20):6508–6518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murchie LW, Cruz-Romero M, Kerry JP et al (2005) High pressure processing of shellfish: a review of microbiological and other quality aspects. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 6(3):257–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nam KC, Ahn DU (2003) Use of antioxidants to reduce lipid oxidation and off-odor volatiles of irradiated pork homogenates and patties. Meat Sci 63(1):1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann C, Harris DM, Rogers LM (2002) Contribution of animal source foods in improving diet quality and function in children in the developing world. Nutr Res 22(1–2):193–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norton T, Sun DW (2008) Recent advances in the use of high pressure as an effective processing technique in the food industry. Food Bioprocess Technol 1(1):2–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nychas GJ, Tassou CC (1997) Spoilage processes and proteolysis in chicken as detected by HPLC. J Sci Food Agric 74(2):199–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nychas GJ, Dillon V, Board RG (1988) Glucose, the key substrate in the microbiological changes occurring in meat and certain meat products. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 10(3):203–231

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nychas GJ, Drosinos EH, Board RG (1998) Chemical changes in stored meat. In: Board RG, Davies AR (eds) The microbiology of meat and poultry London. UK, Blackie Academic and Professional p, pp 288–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Nychas GJ, Marshall DL, Sofos JN (2007) Meat, poultry and seafood spoilage. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR (eds) Food microbiology, fundamentals and Frontiers, 3rd edn. ASM Press, Washington DC, pp 105–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Nychas GJ, Skandamis PN, Tassou CC et al (2008) Meat spoilage during distribution. Meat Sci 78(1–2):77–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’neill LM, Galvin K, Morrissey PA, Buckley DJ (1998) Inhibition of lipid oxidation in chicken by carnosine and dietary α-tocopherol supplementation and its determination by derivative spectrophotometry. Meat Sci 50(4):479–488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ockerman HW, Basu L (2004) Carcass chilling and boning. In: Encyclopedia of Meat Science, pp 144–149

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Offer G, Knight P (1988) The structural basis of water-holding in meat; part 2: drip losses. In: Lawrie R (ed) Developments in meat science, vol 4. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp 172–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Offer G, Trinick J (1983) On the mechanism of water holding in meat: the swelling and shrinking of myofibrils. Meat Sci 8(4):245–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ooizumi T, Xiong YL (2006) Identification of cross-linking site (s) of myosin heavy chains in oxidatively stressed chicken myofibrils. J Food Sci 71(3):C196–C199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlien V, Hansen E, Skibsted LH (2000) Lipid oxidation in high-pressure processed chicken breast muscle during chill storage: critical working pressure in relation to oxidation mechanism. Eur Food Res Technol 211(2):99–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouali A, Herrera-Mendez CH, Coulis G et al (2006) Revisiting the conversion of muscle into meat and the underlying mechanisms. Meat Sci 74(1):44–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pakula C, Stamminger R (2012) Measuring changes in internal meat colour, colour lightness and colour opacity as predictors of cooking time. Meat Sci 90(3):721–727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson MF (2005) Microbiology of pressure-treated foods. J Appl Microbiol 98(6):1400–1409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson RL, Stevenson MH (1995) Irradiation-induced off-odour in chicken and its possible control. Br Poult Sci 36(3):425–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson KY, Bhagwat SA, Williams JR et al (2008) USDA database for the choline content of common foods, release two. Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA

    Google Scholar 

  • Pöhlmann M, Hitzel A, Schwägele F et al (2012) Contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenolic substances in Frankfurter-type sausages depending on smoking condition using glow smoke. Meat Sci 90(1):176–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poligne I, Collignan A, Trystram G (2001) Characterization of traditional processing of pork meat into boucané. Meat Sci 59(4):377–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell TH, Hunt MC, Dikeman ME (2000) Enzymatic assay to determine collagen thermal denaturation and solubilization. Meat Sci 54(4):307–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan AA, Rhee KS, Hernández P (2000) Stability of catalase and its potential role in lipid oxidation in meat. Meat Sci 54(4):385–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor MR, Ryan JA, McLoughlin JV (1992) The effects of stunning and slaughter methods on changes in skeletal muscle and quality of farmed fish. In: Proceedings from TO. International conference and utilization of fishery products, The Nederland’s. 1992 may

    Google Scholar 

  • Purchas RW, Simcock DC, Knight TW et al (2003) Variation in the form of iron in beef and lamb meat and losses of iron during cooking and storage. Int J Food Sci Technol 38(7):827–837

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao M, Fletcher DL, Smith DP et al (2001) The effect of broiler breast meat color on pH, moisture, water-holding capacity, and emulsification capacity. Poultry Sci 80(5):676–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi AI, Suri FK, Ahmed S et al (2007) Regular egg consumption does not increase the risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Medical Sci Monit 13:CR1–CR8

    Google Scholar 

  • Rababah T, Hettiarachchy N, Horax R et al (2004) Effect of electron beam irradiation and storage at 5°C on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl contents in chicken breast meat infused with antioxidants and selected plant extracts. J Agric Food Chem 52(26):8236–8241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rababah T, Over K, Hettiarachchy NS et al (2010) Infusion of plant extracts during processing to preserve quality attributes of irradiated chicken breasts over 9 months storage at −20°C. J Food Process Pres 34:287–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rademacher B (2006) Ultrahochdruckverfahren zur Keiminaktivierung. Chem Ing Tech 78(11):1674–1681

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi NK, Raghavarao KS, Balasubramaniam VM et al (2007) Opportunities and challenges in high pressure processing of foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 47(1):69–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratti C (2001) Hot air and freeze-drying of high-value foods: a review. J Food Eng 49(4):311–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rayman MP (2000) The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 356(9225):233–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Requena JR, Chao CC, Levine RL et al (2001) Glutamic and aminoadipic semialdehydes are the main carbonyl products of metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98(1):69–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee KS (1988) Enzymic and nonenzymic catalysis of lipid oxidation in muscle foods. Food Technol 42(6):127–132

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenvold K, Wiklund E (2011) Retail colour display life of chilled lamb as affected by processing conditions and storage temperature. Meat Sci 88(3):354–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salminen H, Estévez M, Kivikari R et al (2006) Inhibition of protein and lipid oxidation by rapeseed, camelina and soy meal in cooked pork meat patties. Eur Food Res Technol 223(4):461–468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satin M (1996) Food irradiation. In: Food irradiation: a guidebook, 2nd edn. Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., Lancaster, PA, pp 1–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaafsma G (2000) The protein digestibility–corrected amino acid score. J Nutr 130(7):1865S–1867S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shacter E (2000) Quantification and significance of protein oxidation in biological samples. Drug Metab Rev 32(3–4):307–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma BD (1999) Meat and meat products technology: (including poultry products technology). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Limited, p 112

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan JJ (1981) The use of freeze-drying in investigations on the microbiology of vacuum-packed DFD beef. In: The problem of dark-cutting in beef. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 476–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims TJ (1992) Structural aspects of cooked meat. Spec Publ R Soc Chem:106–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh P, Sahoo J, Talwar G et al (2015) Development of chicken meat caruncles on the basis of sensory attributes: process optimization using response surface methodology. J Food Sci Technol 52(3):1290–1303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skandamis PN, Nychas GJ (2002) Preservation of fresh meat with active and modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 79(1–2):35–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smelt JP (1998) Recent advances in the microbiology of high pressure processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 9(4):152–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souza CM, Boler DD, Clark DL et al (2011) The effects of high pressure processing on pork quality, palatability, and further processed products. Meat Sci 87(4):419–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stadtman ER, Levine RL (2003) Free radical-mediated oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins. Amino Acids 25(3–4):207–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone EW Jr, May KN (1969) The effect of time and temperature of cooking on quality of freeze-dehydrated chicken. Poultry Sci 48(3):813–818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suman SP, Faustman C, Lee S et al (2005) Effect of erythorbate, storage and high-oxygen packaging on premature browning in ground beef. Meat Sci 69(2):363–369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suman SP, Mancini RA, Joseph P et al (2010) Color-stabilizing effect of lactate on ground beef is packaging-dependent. Meat Sci 84(3):329–333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun W, Cui C, Zhao M et al (2011a) Effects of composition and oxidation of proteins on their solubility, aggregation and proteolytic susceptibility during processing of Cantonese sausage. Food Chem 124(1):336–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun W, Zhao M, Yang B et al (2011b) Oxidation of sarcoplasmic proteins during processing of Cantonese sausage in relation to their aggregation behaviour and in vitro digestibility. Meat Sci 88(3):462–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surai PF, Sparks NHC (2001) Designer eggs: from improvement of egg composition to functional food. Trends Food Sci Technol 12:7–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swatland HJ (2010) Meat products and consumption culture in the west. Meat Sci 86(1):80–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toepfl S, Mathys A, Heinz V et al (2006) Potential of emerging technologies for energy efficient and environmentally friendly food processing. Food Rev Int 22(4):405–423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toohey ES, Hopkins DL, Stanley DF et al (2008) The impact of new generation pre-dressing medium-voltage electrical stimulation on tenderness and colour stability in lamb meat. Meat Sci 79(4):683–691

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tornberg EV (2005) Effects of heat on meat proteins–implications on structure and quality of meat products. Meat Sci 70(3):493–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsigarida E, Nychas GJ (2001) Ecophysiological attributes of a lactobacillus sp. and a pseudomonas sp. on sterile beef fillets in relation to storage temperature and film permeability. J Appl Microbiol 90(5):696–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulbricht TL, Southgate DA (1991) Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. Lancet 338(8773):985–992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • USDA (2010) Food safety inspection service, shell eggs from farm to table. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/Shell_Eggs_from_Farm_to_Table.pdf

  • USDA (2011) Food safety and inspection service. Chicken and Turkey nutrition facts, USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, USDA, ARS. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/Chicken_Turkey_Nutrition_Facts.pdf?utm_source¼RSS&utm_medium¼referral&utm_campaign¼content-partnerships

  • Van Elswyk ME, Dawson PL, Sams AR (1995) Dietary menhaden oil influences sensory characteristics and headspace volatiles of shell eggs. J Food Sci 60:85–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vareltzis K (2000) Fish proteins from unexploited and underdeveloped sources. In: Developments in food science, vol 41. Elsevier, pp 133–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasavada M, Carpenter CE, Cornforth DP, Ghorpade V (2003) Sodium levulinate and sodium lactate effects on microbial growth and stability of fresh pork and Turkey sausages. J Muscle Foods 14(2):119–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ventanas S, Estevez M, Tejeda JF et al (2006) Protein and lipid oxidation in longissimus dorsi and dry cured loin from Iberian pigs as affected by crossbreeding and diet. Meat Sci 72(4):647–655

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen HF, De Kock HL, Webb EC (2002) Consumer acceptability of dark, firm and dry (DFD) and normal pH beef steaks. Meat Sci 61(2):181–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voda A, Homan N, Witek M et al (2012) The impact of freeze-drying on microstructure and rehydration properties of carrot. Food Res Int 49(2):687–693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuorela S, Salminen H, Mäkelä M et al (2005) Effect of plant phenolics on protein and lipid oxidation in cooked pork meat patties. J Agric Food Chem 53(22):8492–8497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wackerbarth H, Kuhlmann U, Tintchev F et al (2009) Structural changes of myoglobin in pressure-treated pork meat probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Food Chem 115(4):1194–1198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warriss PD (2000a) The chemical composition and structure of meat. In: Warriss PD (ed) Meat science: an introductory text. CABI, Wallingford, pp 37–67

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Warriss PD (2000b) Post-mortem changes in muscle and its conversion into meat. In: Warriss PD (ed) Meat science: an introductory text. CABI, Wallingford, pp 93–105

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins BA (1995) The nutritive value of the egg. In: Stadelmanand WJ, Cotterill OJ (eds) Egg science and technology, 4th edn. Food Product Press, Binghamton, NY, pp 177–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Katan MB (2001) Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 73:885–891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams P (2007) Nutritional composition of red meat. Nutr Dietetics 64:S113–S119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong YL (2000) Protein oxidation and implications for muscle food quality. Antioxidants Muscle Foods 14:85–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou GH, Xu XL, Liu Y (2010) Preservation technologies for fresh meat—a review. Meat Sci 86(1):119–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sultana, K., Jayathilakan, K., Sajeevkumar, V.A. (2022). Chemistry of Animal Tissues. In: Chauhan, O.P. (eds) Advances in Food Chemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4796-4_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics