Abstract
Culinary tourism has emerged globally at a rapid pace. Food has become a deciding factor in choosing a destination and a central part of a travel experience. The Philippines is brimming with heirloom recipes, food-centric festivals, olden cooking practices, and home to world-class homegrown culinary talents that contribute to the emerging popularity of Filipino food. Likewise, in the Philippine National Tourism Development Plan, Filipino cuisine is identified as a key tourism product. However, many culinary experts deem that Filipino cuisine still lacks the kind of identity and branding needed for it to be sought by travellers. Hence, this chapter provided an overview of Filipino cuisine through culinary mapping, to gain a better understanding on how it can develop a strong identity against the backdrop of global cuisines. Our analysis contributes to furthering the identity of Filipino food, strengthening the culinary tourism industry, and improving the understanding of Filipino cultural heritage through cuisines.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Boodle Fight is traditionally a military practice of eating a meal which dispenses with dishes and cutlery. In Filipino culture, it is offten understood as “Philippine fine dining” where diners practice kamayan or “eating with the hands” on food that is placed on top of a long banana leaf-lined table. To date, boodle fight is commonly practiced in social gatherings, cultural parties, even as part of tour packages (e.g. island hopping activities) (Dumdum, 2012).
- 2.
Tocino is a sweetened and cured pork belly. It is considered a Filipino breakfast staple.
- 3.
Balut, a common street food in the Philippines, is a fertilized duck egg that is boiled and eaten from the shell. It is commonly sold as street food all over the country.
- 4.
Also known as pancit, this is a Filipino version of a noodle dish that is a mix of noodle (bihon, canton, miki, etc.), vegetables, meat then seasoned with soy sauce and pepper.
References
Ab Karim, S., & Chi, C. G. Q. (2010). Culinary tourism as a destination attraction: An empirical examination of destinations’ food image. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 19(6), 531–555.
Alejandria, M. C. P., De Vergara, T. I. M., & Colmenar, K. P. M. (2019). The authentic balut: History, culture, and economy of a Philippine food icon. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 6(1), 1–10.
Alejandro, R. (1985). The Philippine cookbook. Penguin.
Andersson, T. D., Mossberg, L., & Therkelsen, A. (2017). Food and tourism synergies: Perspectives on consumption, production and destination development. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(1), 1–8.
Arnaldo, M. S. F. (2018, December). Search for the Filipino food identity. Business Mirror. https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/12/07/search-for-the-filipino-food-identity/
Arnaldo, M. S. F. (2020, January). Adobo: The Filipino staple that’s never quite the same. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/best-eats/249458-adobo-filipino-staple-never-the-same
Au, N., & Law, R. (2002). Categorical classification of tourism dining. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 819–833.
Bell, D., & Valentine, G. (1997). Consuming geographies: We are where we eat. Routledge.
Bender, D. E., & De Leon, A. (2018). Everybody was boodle fighting: Military histories, culinary tourism, and diasporic dining. Food, Culture & Society, 21(1), 25–41.
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press.
Charreire, H., et al. (2010). Measuring the food environment using geographical information systems: A methodological review. Public Health Nutrition, 13(11), 1773–1785.
Civitello, L. (2011). Just as Filipino people are part Malay, Chinese and Spanish, so is the cuisine of their seven-thousand-island nation. In R. Alejandro (Ed.), Cuisine and culture: A history of food and people. Wiley.
Cohen, E., & Avieli, N. (2004). Food in tourism: Attraction and impediment. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 755–778.
Cortez, P. (2019, June). Spam Tocino: A comparative review. Pepper.Ph. https://www.pepper.ph/spam-tocino-review/
Cuevas, R. P., de Guia, A., & Demont, M. (2017). Developing a framework of gastronomic systems research to unravel drivers of food choice. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 9, 88–99.
De Jong, A., Palladino, M., Puig, R. G., Romeo, G., Fava, N., Cafiero, C., … Sjölander-Lindqvist, A. (2018). Gastronomy tourism: An interdisciplinary literature review of research areas, disciplines, and dynamics. Journal of Gastronomy and Tourism, 3(2), 131–146.
De Vera, A. (2019, November). DOT to promote culinary tourism. Manila Bulletin. https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/11/24/dot-to-promote-culinary-tourism/
du Rand, G. E., Booysen, I., & Atkinson, D. (2016). Culinary mapping and tourism development in South Africa’s Karoo region. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 5(4), 1–23. http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_11_vol_5__4_.pdf
Dumdum, S. (2012, June). The boodle fight. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/210027/the-boodle-fight
Ecovue. (2011). The cultural resource mapping project. Township of Cavan Monaghan Council. http://cavanmonaghan.net/en/thingstodo/resources/Culturalmappingfinalreport20110629.pdf
Ellis, A., Park, E., Kim, S., & Yeoman, I. (2018). What is food tourism? Tourism Management, 68, 250–263.
Fernandez, D. G. (1988). Culture ingested: Notes on the indigenization of Philippine food. Philippine Studies, 36, 219–232.
Fernandez, D. G. (2015a). CODA. Food and the Filipino. In Madrid Fusion Manila (Ed.), Philippines-Spain: A 300 year gastronomic journey (pp. 48–49). Department of Tourism.
Fernandez, D. G. (2015b). The flavors of Mexico in Philippine food and culture. In Madrid Fusion Manila (Ed.), Philippines-Spain: A 300 year gastronomic journey (pp. 32–39). Department of Tourism.
Fox, R. (2007). Reinventing the gastronomic identity of Croatian tourist destinations. Hospital Management, 26(3), 546–559.
Fulton, A. (2016). Trend watch: Filipino food heats up. National Geographic Channel. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/asia/philippines/filipino-food-trend-united-states/
Gelormini, M., et al. (2015). Street food environment in Maputo (STOOD Map): A cross-sectional study in Mozambique. JMIR Research Protocols, 4(3), 98.
Gérard, A. (1983). An outline of food law: Structure, principles, main provisions. Food & Agriculture Organization.
Gonzales, M. (2018, July). Why don’t we have official national dishes? The Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food-and-leisure/2018/07/12/1832621/why-dont-we-have-official-national-dishes
Gonzáles, A. F., Curtis, C., Washburn, I. J., & Shirsat, A. R. (2019). Factors in tourists’ food decision processes: A US-based case study. Journal of Tourism Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTA-01-2019-0002
Green, G. P., & Dougherty, M. L. (2008). Localizing linkages for food and tourism: Culinary tourism as a community development strategy. Community Development, 39(3), 148–158.
Hajeb, P., & Jinap, S. (2014). Umami taste components and their sources in Asian foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55(6), 778–791.
Halpern, S., & McKibben, B. (2015). Filipino cuisine was Asian fusion before “Asian Fusion” existed. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/filipino-cuisine-asian-fusion-180954947/#7hoLooRlzrAwmZey.99
Henderson, J. (2004). Food as a tourism resource: A view from Singapore. Tourism Recreation Research, 29(3), 69–74.
Herrera, M. B. (2014, September 11). Not just adobo. Manila Standard Today. http://manilastandardtoday.com/2014/09/11/not-just-adobo/
Hjalager, A. M., & Richards, G. (2002). Still undigested: Research issues in tourism and gastronomy. In A. M. Hjalager & G. Richards (Eds.), Tourism and gastronomy (pp. 224–234). Routledge.
Johns, N., & Clarke, V. (2001). Mythology analysis of boating tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 334–359.
Johns, N., & Kivela, J. (2001). Perceptions of the first time restaurant customer. Food Service Technology, 1(1), 5–11.
Kasper, L. R. (1999). Secret of 3 sauces. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/1999/10/20/secrets-of-3-sauces/13ff8410-e21e-4fc4-81b6-90859835d668/
King, M. T. (2019). What is “Chinese” food? Historicizing the concept of culinary regionalism. Global Food History. https://doi.org/10.1080/20549547.2020.1736427
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B., & Fernandez, D. G. (2003). Culture ingested: On the indigenization of Philippine food. Gastronomica, 3(1), 58–71.
Krich, J. (2000, September). Filipino cuisine is in the shadows because of lack of glamour image. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB96955536683442726
Kunkel, L. (2019, October). Where east meets west: The wave of Filipino cuisine taking over the U.S. FSR Magazine. https://www.fsrmagazine.com/chef-profiles/where-east-meets-west-wave-filipino-cuisine-taking-over-us
Lantrip, B. C. (2017). The Chinese cultural influence on Filipino cuisine (Master’s thesis). The University of San Francisco.
Lazor, D. (2014, July). Coconut, vinegar, and a whole lotta pork: An introduction to Filipino cuisine. Serious Eats. http://www.seriouseats.com/2014/07/what-is-filipino-food-cuisine.html
Long, L. M. (Ed.). (2004). Culinary tourism: Food, eating and otherness. University of Kentucky Press.
Lubbe, B. (2003). Tourism management in Southern Africa. Pearson Education.
Magat, M. (2002). Balut: “Fertilized duck eggs and their role in Filipino culture”. Western Folklore, 61(1), 63–96.
Matejowsky, T. (2015). SPAM and fast-food “glocalization” in the Philippines. Food, Culture & Society, 10(1), 23–41.
Matwick, K., & Matwick, K. (2017). Culinary tourism in Central America: A cross-analysis of government tourism websites. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 16(3), 286–309.
McNeilly, C. (2017, June). How Filipino food is becoming the next great American cuisine. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/filipino-food-philippines-cuisine-restaurants
Mercado, J. M. T., & Andalecio, A. B. P. (2020). Ysla de Panciteria: A preliminary study on the culinary heritage significance of pancit using the heritage documentation approach—The case of Luzon Island, Philippines. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 7(19), 1–25.
Montefrio, M. J. F., De Chavez, J. C., Contreras, A. P., & Erasga, D. S. (2020). Hybridities and awkward constructions in Philippine locavorism: Reframing global-local dynamics through assemblage thinking. Food, Culture & Society, 23(2), 117–136.
Mostafa, M. M. (2018). Mining and mapping halal food consumers: A geo-located Twitter opinion polarity analysis. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 24(7), 858–879.
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (2019). Cultural mapping toolkit. https://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/WebPosting_Cultural-Mapping-Toolkit.pdf
Nelson, V. (2016). Peru’s image as a culinary destination. Journal of Cultural Geography, 33(2), 208–228.
Okumus, B., Okumus, F., & McKercher, B. (2007). Incorporating local and international cuisines in the marketing of tourism destinations: The cases of Hong Kong and Turkey. Tourism Management, 28(1), 253–261.
Palanca, C. (2015). The Chinese influence in Philippine cuisine. In Madrid Fusion Manila (Ed.), Philippines-Spain: A 300 year gastronomic journey (pp. 28–29). Department of Tourism.
Pilcher, J. M. (2004). From “Montezuma’s revenge” to “Mexican truffles”: Culinary tourism across the Rio Grande. In L. Long (Ed.), Culinary tourism (pp. 76–96). University Press of Kentucky.
Prat Forga, J. M., & Cànoves Valiente, G. (2012). Costa Brava culinary tourism routes and relational dynamics. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 12(3), 47–68.
Rimmington, M., & Yuksel, A. (1998). Tourist satisfaction and food service experience: Results of an empirical investigation. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(1), 37–57.
Rocamora, J. A. L. (2019, September). Luring tourists through Filipino food, flavors. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1079248
Ryan, C. (1997). The tourist experience: The new introduction. Cassell.
Sackett, L., & Haynes, D. (2012). American regional cuisines: Food culture and cooking. Pearson.
Safire, W. (2008, October). Locavorism. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/magazine/12wwln-safire-t.html
Sifton, S. (2011, January). The cheat: The adobo experiment. The New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/magazine/09Food-t-000.html
Singson, P. G. (2006). Sally’s lechon: An outpost of eating in ethnic America. Amerasia Journal, 32(2), 79–88.
Skift, Inc. (2015). The rise of food tourism. https://skift.com/insight/free-report-the-rise-of-food-tourism/
Sta. Maria, F. P. (2015). The Philippines: Asia’s culinary pearl. In Madrid Fusion Manila (Ed.), Philippines-Spain: A 300 year gastronomic journey (pp. 14–23). Department of Tourism.
Sta. Maria, F. P. (2019). Philippine culinary arts: Manifestation of cultural history (Slide Deck).
Sweeney, G., Hand, M., Kaiser, M., Clark, J. K., Rogers, C., & Spees, C. (2016). The state of food mapping. Journal of Planning Literature, 31(2), 123–219.
Talavera, C. (2019, October). Culinary tourism takes center stage. The Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2019/10/04/1957128/culinary-tourism-takes-center-stage
Tayag, C. (2012, March). The adobo identity (crisis). The Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com/food-and-leisure/784459/adobo-identity-crisis
Varju, V., Suvak, A., & Dombi, P. (2014). Geographic information systems in the service of alternative tourism – Methods with landscape evaluation and target group preference weighting. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(5), 496–512.
Villareal, M. (2018, August). Traveling for food: The Filipino foodie map. Out of Town Blog. https://outoftownblog.com/traveling-for-food-the-filipino-foodie-map/
Wardani, I., Wijaya, D., & Saeroji, A. (2018). Culinary tourism development model in Surakarta, Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 3, 342.
Wernstedt, F. L., & Spencer, J. (1967). The Philippine Island world: A physical, cultural and regional geography. University of California Press.
Wijaya, S. (2019). Indonesian food culture mapping: A starter contribution to promote Indonesian culinary tourism. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 6(1), 9.
Zhang, J. (2015). The foods of the worlds: Mapping and comparing contemporary Gastrodiplomacy campaigns. International Journal of Communication, 9, 568–591.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix 1 Data Sources for Tables 1 and 2
Appendix 1 Data Sources for Tables 1 and 2
-
ABS-CBN News. (2017, April). Namit gid! 8 must-try treats from Western Visayas. https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/04/28/17/namit-gid-8-must-try-treats-from-western-visayas
-
Almocera, U. J. (2016). Grilled food fiesta in Zamboanga Hermosa. https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/festivals/4722/zamboanga-hermosa-smoke-out-grilled-food-fiesta
-
Calo, M. (2011, June). Finding the Nilusak and Nilambiran of Butuan City. TravelBook.ph. https://www.travelbook.ph/blog/finding-nilusak-and-nilambiran-of-butuan-city/
-
Camacho, D, (2018, September). Local vacation spots for the perpetually hungry. Pepper. https://www.pepper.ph/food-festivals-in-the-philippines/City Government of Butuan. (2016). Balangay Festival. http://www.butuan.gov.ph/content/balangay-festival
-
Cruz, B. J. (2016, October). Tourist delight: Festivals in Batanes for every travelers. https://brianjaycruz.wordpress.com/2016/10/29/tourists-delight-festivals-in-batanes-for-every-travelers/
-
Dacanay, B. M. N. (2019, April). An appreciation of Moro food can bring Pinoy Muslims and Christians closer, says this Muslim chef. ANCX. https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/food-drink/features/04/20/19/what-if-cooking-can-end-conflict
-
GMA News Online. (2013, September). Rice cakes, roscas, and more eats at the Samar Food Fest. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/food/324580/rice-cakes-roscas-and-more-eats-at-the-samar-food-fest/story/
-
Go Baguio. (2012). Cordillera cuisine. http://www.gobaguio.com/cordillera-cuisine.html#.XoHaB9MzaRs
-
Halili, L. W. (2016, August). Top 15 unique dishes from Region IV Philippines (that I’ve decided and have pictures of). http://omnireviewsnow.blogspot.com/2016/08/top-15-unique-dishes-from-region-iv.html
-
Ilocos Hotels. (n.d.). Festivals & events of Ilocos province. Retrieved from https://ilocoshotels.com/festivals-events-of-ilocos-province.html
-
Inonog, S. Z. (2011, January). Featured region: Region 2, Cagayan Valley. http://islakulinarya.blogspot.com/2011/01/featured-region-region-2-cagayan-valley.html
-
Javellana, A. (2017, April). Ivatan cuisine: The flavors of the Batanes isles. https://www.ourawesomeplanet.com/awesome/2017/04/batanes-food.html
-
Jeng. (2017). Flavors of Eastern Visayas: A gathering of different Filipino Delicacies. https://www.foodinthebag.com/2017/05/flavors-of-eastern-visayas-gathering-of.html
-
Maramara, K. (2018, May). Here’s what you should eat in every region in Luzon. https://windowseat.ph/heres-what-you-should-eat-in-every-region-in-luzon/13/
-
Philippines Food. (n.d.). http://www.vtaide.com/ASEAN/Philippines/food.html
-
Mawallil, A. (2019, February). Moro food basics: Pastil. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/best-eats/223169-moro-food-basics-pastil
-
Momblan, G. (2020, January). Online group gathers food enthusiasts in Iloilo’s Dinagyang. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091975
-
Our Awesome Planet. (2015, July 02). LECHON FESTIVAL: Our Awesome Guide to the Lechon Festival in Balayan, Batangas! https://www.ourawesomeplanet.com/awesome/2015/07/lechon-festival-our-awesome-guide-to-the-lechon-festival-in-balayan-batangas-tourismphl.html
-
Parlade, G. (2019). Five ways to celebrate Cebu Lechon Festival. https://nolisoli.ph/65643/cebu-lechon-food-festival-feast-mparlade-20190809/
-
PhillGIS. (n.d.). Ilocos Norte. Retrieved from http://philgis.org/province-page/ilocos-norte Provincial Government of Batanes. (n.d.). Ivatan cuisine. Retrieved from https://www.voyagine.com/batanes/tourism/ivatan-cuisine/
-
Regional Development Council V. (n.d.). Bicol Food Festival. http://www.localphilippines.com/events/bicol-food-festival
-
Santiaguado, E.R.S. (2019, December). DoT positioning Western Visayas tourism. Business World. https://www.bworldonline.com/dot-positioning-western-visayas-for-food-tourism/
-
See, D. (2019, October). Cordillera food fair to be institutionalized in Baguio. Herald Express. https://www.baguioheraldexpressonline.com/cordillera-food-fair-institutionalized-in-baguio/
-
Sun Star Pampanga. (2019, April). Foodies troop to Angeles City’s Sisig Fiesta 2019. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1803417
-
Tara na sa Caraga. (2014). http://trnscrg.blogspot.com/2014/10/10-sought-after-food-in-caraga.html
-
Taste Atlas. (n.d.). Kare-kare. https://www.tasteatlas.com/kare-kare
-
Taste Atlas. (2020, March). Top 4 most popular traditional dishes in Calabarzon. https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-dishes-in-calabarzon
-
The Northern Forum. (2016, November). Nueva Vizcaya prepares for 2017 Ammungan festival. http://northernforum.net/nueva-vizcaya-prepares-for-2017-ammungan-festival/
-
Thomas, A. (2017a). Regional Cuisine of Mindanao. Balay.Ph.https://balay.ph/best-mindanao-cuisine/
-
Thomas, A. (2017b). Regional Cuisine of Visayas. Balay. Ph. https://balay.ph/best-of-visayan-cuisine/
-
Timbrook, R. (2020, January). Bambanti festival. https://expertworldtravel.com/philippines/bambanti-festival/
-
Villareal, M. (2020). Food trip: 10 must-try Ilokano food. Out of Town Blog. Retrieved from https://outoftownblog.com/10-must-try-ilokano-food/
-
Visaya, V. (2019, September). Giant “pansit batil patong” served and gone in minutes at Cagayan fest. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1170866/giant-pansit-batil-patong-served-and-gone-in-minutes-at-cagayan-fest
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gutierrez, E.L.M., Rivera, J.P.R., Roxas, F.M.Y. (2022). Culinary Tourism as an Avenue for Tourism Development: Mapping the Flavors of the Philippines. In: Aquino, R.S., Porter, B.A. (eds) Tourism in the Philippines. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4497-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4497-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-4496-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-4497-0
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)