Skip to main content

Graduate Employability and Responsiveness: The Need for Aligning Policy Directions and Institutional Readiness in Ethiopia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Graduate Employability Across Contexts

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the level and nature of responsiveness that Ethiopian public and private higher education institutions exhibit toward graduate employability. The study was conducted using national data available on 13 public and private institutions. The findings reveal that, despite the encouraging trends of an expanding higher education sector, there are serious concerns about the ability of universities to respond to the demands of the labor market and employers. While the policy directions appear to recognize the impending challenges of graduate employability, many institutions have not yet developed the readiness to respond to such demands in an organized and efficient manner. In the absence of the needed structures, systems, and learning experiences within and outside universities, the institutional capacity to influence graduates’ employability will remain restricted. This suggests the need for broadening the existing conceptualization of employability, encouraging greater university-employer interaction and adopting proactive schemes within and outside of institutions as the basis for improving institutional responsiveness toward graduate employability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Asayehegn, D. (1979). Socio-economic and educational reforms in Ethiopia (1942–1974): Correspondence and contradiction (Unesco IIEP Occasional Papers No 50). UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badillo-Amador, L., & Vila, L. E. (2013). Education and skill mismatches: Wage and job satisfaction consequences. International Journal of Manpower, 34(5), 416–428. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-05-2013-0116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyene, B. M., & Tekleselassie, T. G. (2018). The state, determinants and consequences of skills mismatch in the Ethiopian labour market, Ethiopian Development Research Institute, (EDRI Working paper 21). EDRI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boden, R., & Nedeva, M. (2010). Employing discourse: Universities and graduate ‘employability.’ Journal of Education Policy, 25(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930903349489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1998). Practical reason: On the theory of action. Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. University of Chicago press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridge Group. (2016). Inspiring policy: Graduate outcomes and social mobility. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c18e090b40b9d6b43b093d8/t/5d0a09329e8bc7000119e6e0/1560938814910/BridgeGroup_GraduateOutcomes_2016.pdf

  • Clarke, M. (2017). Rethinking graduate employability: The role of capital, individual attributes and context. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1294152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M., & Zukas, M. (2013). A Bourdieusian approach to understanding employability: Becoming a ‘fish in water.’ Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 65(2), 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2013.782887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuadra, L. J., Aure, R. K. L., & Gonzaga, G. L. (2019). The use of tracer study in improving undergraduate programs in the university. Asian Pacific Higher Education Research Journal, 6(1), 13–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dave Hodges, D., & Burchell, N. (2003). Business graduate competencies: Employers’ views on importance and performance. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 4(2), 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delva, J., Forrier, A., & De Cuyper, N. (2021). Integrating agency and structure in employability: Bourdieu’s theory of practice. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 127.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Este, P., Nesta, L., & Patel, P. (2005). Analysis of university–industry research collaborations in the UK: Preliminary results of a survey of university researchers. SPRU report for a project funded by EPSRC/ESRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Mansour, B., & Dean, J. C. (2016). Employability skills as perceived by employers and university faculty in the fields of human resource development (HRD) for entry level graduate jobs. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 4, 39–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahnert, B. (2005). On your marks, get set, go!—lessons from the UK in enhancing employability of graduates and postgraduates. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 362. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnv150

  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, FDRE. (1995). Constitution of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, FDRE. (2019). Higher education proclamation 1152/2019. FDRE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helyer, R., & Lee, D. (2014). The role of work experience in the future employability of higher education graduates. Higher Education Quarterly, 68(3), 348–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • HERQA. (2016). Employers’ satisfaction with recent graduates of higher education institutions in Ethiopia: Report of survey conducted between April and July, 2009. HERQA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, L. (2013). Competing perspectives on graduate employability: Possession, position or process? Studies in Higher Education, 38(4), 54–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, N., & Allen, K. ‘Talent-spotting’ or ‘social magic’? Inequality, cultural sorting and constructions of the ideal graduate in elite professions. Sociological Review, 67(3), 723–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinash, S., Crane, L. H., & Judd, M.-M. (2016). Good practice report: Nurturing graduate employability in higher education. Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching. http://www.olt.gov.au/project-supportinggraduate-employability-generalist-disciplines-through-employer-and-private-instit

  • Kruss, G. (2004). Employment and employability: Expectations of higher education responsiveness in South Africa. Journal of Education Policy, 19(6), 673–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093042000300454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D., & Lewin, J. (2011). Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. Edge Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, M. (2000). Managing university-industry relations: A study of institutional practices from 12 different countries. IIEP, UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mateos-Romero, L., & Salinas-Jiménez, M. D. M. (2018). Labor mismatches: Effects on wages and on job satisfaction in 17 OECD countries. Social Indicators Research, 140(1), 369–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, E., Kubacki, K., Pang, B., & Alcaraz, C. (2017). The employers’ view of “work-ready” graduates: A study of advertisements for marketing jobs in Australia. Journal of Marketing Education, 39(2), 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCowan, T. (2015). Should universities promote employability? Theory and Research in Education, 13(3), 267–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education, MoE. (2015). Education sector development v. MoE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education, MoE. (2018). Ethiopian education development roadmap (2018–2030). MoE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, MoFED. (2006). Ethiopia: Plan for accelerated and sustained development to end poverty, PASDEP. MoFED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, MoFED. (2016). Ethiopia growth and transformation plan II (GTP II). MoFED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, MoLSA. (2009). National employment policy and strategy of Ethiopia. MoLSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minocha, S., Hristov, D., & Reynolds, M. (2017). From graduate employability to employment: Policy and practice in UK higher education. International Journal of Training and Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moll, I. (2005). Curriculum responsiveness: The anatomy of a concept. In H. Griesel (Ed.),Curriculum responsiveness: Case studies in higher education (pp. 1–19). South African Universities Vice- Chancellors Association. Edge Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mtawa, N., Fongwa, S., & Wilson-Strydom, M. (2019). Enhancing graduate employability attributes and capabilities formation: A service-learning approach. Teaching in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1672150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nudzor, H. P., & Ansah, F. (2020). Enhancing post-graduate programme effectiveness through tracer studies: The reflective accounts of a Ghanaian nation-wide graduate tracer study research team. Quality in Higher Education, 26(2), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2020.1763034

  • Okay-Somerville, B., & Scholarios, D. (2015). Position, possession or process? Understanding Objective and Subjective Employability during University-to-Work Transitions, Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1091813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkmann, M., & Walsh, K. (2007). University industry relationships and open innovation: Towards a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00225.x

  • Senekal, J., & Munro, N. (2019). Lessons learnt from two decades of graduate tracer research: Recommendations for the South African context. South African Journal of Higher Education, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.20853/33-2-2628

  • Shivoro, R. S., Shalyefu, R. K., & Kadhila, N. (2018). Perspectives on graduate employability attributes for management science graduates. South African Journal of Higher Education, 32(1), 216–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sin, C., Tavares, O., & Amaral, A. (2017). Accepting employability as a purpose of higher education? Academics’ Perceptions and Practices. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1402174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamrat, W. (2018, February 9). Graduate employability—Whose responsibility? University world news, Issue no 492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamrat, W. (2019a). Job creation plan—What role for higher education? University World News.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamrat, W. (2019b, October 3). Work-ready graduates require strong partnerships. Inside higher education.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Gallup Organization. (2010, November). Flash EB Series #304: Employers’ perception of graduate employability. Analytical report. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/flash/fl_304_en.pdf

  • Tran, T. T. (2016). Enhancing graduate employability and the need for university-enterprise collaboration. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 7(1), 58–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wedekind, V. (2012). Towards responsiveness and employability in the college sector: A review of the field. Paper prepared for DHET Labour Market Intelligence project. Pretoria, HSRC. https://www.academia.edu/18966230/Towards_Responsiveness_and_Employability_in_the_College_Sector_A_review_of_the_field

  • Wedekind, V., & Mutereko, S. (2016). Employability and curriculum responsiveness in post-school education and training. (LMIP Report 22). Education and Skills Development (ESD) Programme, Human Sciences Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2016). 5th Ethiopia economic update. why so idle? Wages and employment in a crowded labor market. World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, M., & Knight, P. (2006). Embedding employability into the curriculum. In M. Yorke (Ed.), Learning and employability. Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN) Higher Education Authority.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wondwosen Tamrat .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Tamrat, W. (2022). Graduate Employability and Responsiveness: The Need for Aligning Policy Directions and Institutional Readiness in Ethiopia. In: Nghia, T.L.H., Bui, B.C., Singh, J.K.N., Lu, V.N. (eds) Graduate Employability Across Contexts. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3959-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3959-4_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-3958-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-3959-4

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics