Abstract
The Asian population is ageing rapidly with a profound demographic shift. It has been estimated that by the year 2050, there will be 1.3 billion (~25%) of Asian at the age of 60 or above. This will be more than twice the number in 2016. The most severely affected regions include the East and North-East Asia (36.8%), followed by the North and Central Asia (24.5%). Among the Asian countries and regions, the longest life expectancy was reported in Hong Kong (85.3 years), Japan (85.0 years), Macau (84.7 years), Singapore (84.1 years) and South Korea (83.5 years). There exists a linear relationship between country-specific Gross-Domestic Product (GDP) and the level of population ageing. The older population in the less developed countries are experiencing quicker increase than the more developed countries. Such change is translated to having 80% of the elderly worldwide living in the less developed nations. The chapter explores the impacts of ageing on healthcare and social issues.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akil, S. M. S., Abdullah, S., & Sipon, S. (2014). Challenges in managing elderly care centres in Malaysia. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 7(3), 129.
Chau, P. H., Woo, J., Chan, K. C., Weisz, D., & Gusmano, M. K. (2011). Avoidable mortality pattern in a Chinese population—Hong Kong, China. European Journal of Public Health, 21(2), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckq020
Chomik, R., & Piggott, J. (2015). Population ageing and social security in Asia. Asian Economic Policy Review, 10, 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12098
Chung, R. Y., Mercer, S. W., Yip, B. H., Chan, S. W., Lai, F. T., Wang, H. H., Wong, M. C., Wong, C. K., Sit, R. W., Yeoh, E. K., & Wong, S. Y. (2016). The association between types of regular primary care and hospitalization among people with and without multimorbidity: A household survey on 25,780 Chinese. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29758
Chung, R. Y., Tin, K. Y., Cowling, B. J., Chan, K. P., Chan, W. M., Lo, S. V., & Leung, G. M. (2009). Long-term care cost drivers and expenditure projection to 2036 in Hong Kong. BMC Health Services Research, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-9-172
Dent, E., Martin, F. C., Bergman, H., Woo, J., Romero-Ortuno, R., & Walston, J. D. (2019). Management of frailty: Opportunities, challenges, and future directions. The Lancet, 394(10206), 1376–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31785-4
Dong, X. Q., Chen, R. J., Chang, E. S., & Simon, M. (2013). Elder abuse and psychological well-being: A systematic review and implications for research and policy—A mini review. Gerontology, 59, 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341652
Food and Health Bureau. (2018). Statistics. https://www.fhb.gov.hk/statistics/en/dha/dha_summary_report.htm
Gottret, P. E., & Schieber, G. (2006). Health financing revisited: A practitioner’s guide. World Bank Publications.
He, A. J., & Tang, V. F. (2021). Integration of health services for the elderly in Asia: A scoping review of Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia. Health Policy, 125(3), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.12.020
Hedrich, W., Tan, J., Chalmers, B., & Yeo, J. (2016). Advancing into the golden years-cost of healthcare for Asia Pacific’s elderly. Marsh & McLennan Companies. https://www.mmc.com/content/dam/mmc-web/insights/publications/2018/dec/healthy-societies/Advancing-into-the-Golden-Years/APRC%20Ageing%20report.pdf
Hu, X., Huang, J., Lv, Y., Li, G., & Peng, X. (2015). Status of prevalence study on multimorbidity of chronic disease in China: Systematic review. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12340
International Labour Organization. (2017). Ageing and social protection in Asia and the Pacific. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/briefingnote/wcms_614170.pdf
Kim, K. I., Lee, J. H., & Kim, C. H. (2012). Impaired health-related quality of life in elderly women is associated with multimorbidity: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Gender Medicine, 9(5), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genm.2012.08.001
Ladusingh, L., & Maharana, B. (2018). How sustainable is the familial support of elderly in Asia? Population Ageing, 11, 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-017-9192-4
Lam, A. H. Y. (2017). Strategies of Hong Kong’s healthcare system in ageing population. In Official Conference Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Ageing & Gerontology. The University of Hong Kong.
Lau, J. Y. C., Wong, E. L. Y., Chung, R. Y., Law, S. C., Threapleton, D., Kiang, N., Chau, P., Wong, S. Y. S., Woo, J., & Yeoh, E. K. (2018). Collaborate across silos: Perceived barriers to integration of care for the elderly from the perspectives of service providers. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 33(3), e768–e780. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2534
Legislative Council Secretariat. (2019). Government expenditure on the elderly (RT02/19-20). https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1920rt02-government-expenditure-on-the-elderly-20191213-e.pdf
Lim, W. S., Wong, S. F., Leong, I., Choo, P., & Pang, W. S. (2017). Forging a frailty-ready healthcare system to meet population ageing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121448
Marengoni, A., Angleman, S., Melis, R., Mangialasche, F., Karp, A., Garmen, A., Meinow, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2011). Ageing with multimorbidity: A systematic review of the literature. Ageing Research Reviews, 10(4), 430–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2011.03.003
National Institutes of Health. (2011). Global health and ageing. https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf
Ng, A. T. S., Sy, C., & Li, J. (2011). A system dynamics model of Singapore healthcare affordability. In Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) (pp. 1–13). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC.2011.6147853
Ng, T. K. C., Fong, B. Y. F., & Kwong, C. K. Y. (2019). Transition of hospital acute-centric to long term care in an ageing population in Hong Kong—Is it an issue of service gap? Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management, 14(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v14i1.207
Nurjono, M., Yoong, J., Yap, P., Wee, S. L., & Vrijhoef, H. J. M. (2018). Implementation of integrated care in Singapore: a complex adaptive system perspective. International Journal of Integrated Care, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.4174
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). Old-age income poverty. In Pension at a glance 2019: OECD and G20 Indicators. https://doi.org/10.1787/b6d3dcfc-en
Pillemer, K., Burnes, D., Riffin, C., & Lachs, M. S. (2016). Elder abuse: Global situation, risk factors, and prevention strategies. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl 2), S194–S205. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw004
Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. (2021). Ageing in Asia. https://www.eria.org/database-and-programmes/topic/ageing-in-asia
Schiamberg, L. B., Barboza, G. G., Oehmke, J., Zhang, Z., Griffore, R. J., Weatherill, R. P., von Heydrich, L., & Post, L. A. (2011). Elder abuse in nursing homes: An ecological perspective. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 23(2), 190–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2011.558798
Schoeb, V. (2016). Healthcare service in Hong Kong and its challenges: The role of health professionals within a social model of health. China Perspectives, 2016(2016/4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.7118
Soto, M., Shang, B., & Coady, D. (2012). New projections of public health spending, 2010–2050. In B. Clements, D. Coady, & S. Gupta (Eds.), The economics of public health care reform in advanced and emerging countries (pp. 37–54). International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781616352448.071
UNFPA & HelpAge International. (2011). Overview of available policies and legislation, data and research, and institutional arrangements relating to older persons—Progress since Madrid. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Older_Persons_Report.pdf
United Nations ESCAP. (2016) Ageing in Asia and the Pacific: Overview. https://mipaa.unescapsdd.org/files/documents/SDD%20Ageing%20Fact%20Sheet%20Overview.pdf
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2015). World Population Ageing 2015 (ST/ESA/SER.A/390). https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2015_Report.pdf
Woo, J., Mak, B., & Yeung, F. (2013). Age-friendly primary health care: An assessment of current service provision for older adults in Hong Kong. Health Services Insights, 6, HSI-S12434. https://doi.org/10.4137/HSI.S12434
World Health Organization. (2021). Elder abuse: Fact sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/elder-abuse
Worldmeters. (2021). Life expectancy of the world population. https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/
Yan, E., Chan, K. L., & Tiwari, A. (2015). A systematic review of prevalence and risk factors for elder abuse in Asia. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(2), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014555033
Yip, W. (2019). Healthcare system challenges in Asia. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.245
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to acknowledge Mr Peter Tin, Research Assistant of the JC School of Public Health and Primary Care of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, for his assistance in the literature review.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wong, M.C.S. (2022). Ageing and Its Impacts on Healthcare and Social Issues. In: Law, V.T.S., Fong, B.Y.F. (eds) Ageing with Dignity in Hong Kong and Asia. Quality of Life in Asia, vol 16. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3061-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3061-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-3060-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-3061-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)