Abstract
In the previous chapter, we drew on applicable concepts to explain pandemics and global politics. In this particular book, in the broadest sense, concepts and theories are one or more assumptions involving virus spread, blame games, and politics. This chapter would not have been grounded if it had not been for the prior one. Chapter 2 is crucial for readers to grasp and connect the context, previous crises with the current one the world is experiencing. This chapter examines how and why a global crisis gets politicized, as well as the implications of doing so. The perceptions of infection risk influence individuals’ compliance with regulations. Several researchers have identified a link between individual-level political tendency and perceptions of COVID-19-related health risk.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbas, A. H. (2020). Politicizing the pandemic: A schemata analysis of COVID-19 news in two selected newspapers. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law—Revue Internationale De Sémiotique Juridique. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09745-2
Abiad, A., Platitas, R., & Pagaduan, J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on developing Asia: the pandemic extends into 2021 (ADB Brief No. 159). Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/656521/impact-covid-19-developing-asia-extends-2021.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2021.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2020). Asia small and medium-sized enterprise monitor 2020 – Volume II: COVID-19 impact on micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in developing asia. ADB.
Allam, H. (2020, October 9). Michigan domestic terror plot sends shockwaves through militia world. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/10/09/922319136/michigan-domestic-terror-plot-sends-shockwaves-through-militia-world. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Alvarez, F. E., Argente, D., & Lippi, F. (2020). A simple planning problem for covid-19 lockdown (No. w26981). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Aratani, L. (2020, June 29). How did face masks become a political issue in America. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/29/face-masks-us-politics-coronavirus. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Arce, J. S. S., Warren, S. S., Meriggi, N. F., Scacco, A., McMurry, N., Voors, M., ... & Mobarak, A. M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low and middle income countries, and implications for messaging. medRxiv, 27, 1385–1394.
Archibold, R. C. (2010, November 17). Officials in Haiti defend focus on cholera outbreak, not its origins. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/world/americas/17haiti.html?scp=9&sq=chol-era%2BHaiti&st=cse
Ball, M. (2020a, October 8). Donald Trump’s COVID-19 diagnosis is forcing him to face his personal—And political—Vulnerability. Time. https://time.com/5897886/trump-coronavirus/. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Ball, M. (2020b, August 6). How COVID-19 changed everything about the 2020b election. https://time.com/5876599/election-2020b-coronavirus/. Accessed 29 July 2021.
Baniamin, H. M., Rahman, M., & Hasan, M. T. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Why are some countries coping more successfully than others? Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 42(3), 153–169.
Bauer, P., Brugger, J., Koenig, F., & Posch, M. (2021). An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020-a descriptive analysis. medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/12/2021.03.11.21253420.full.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2021.
Bavel, J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., & Cikara, M., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471.
BBC. (2020, June 23). Millions become millionaires during Covid pandemic. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57575077. Accessed 12 July 2021.
BBC. (2021, October 19). Covid deaths and hospital admissions rise in Wales. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-58973788. Accessed 12 July 2021.
Beer, T. (2021). Ted Nugent—Who called Covid-19 a scam—‘Thought I was dying’ from virus. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2021/04/20/ted-nugent-who-called-covid-19-a-scam-says-hes-been-crippled-by-the-virus/?sh=80c2feb5534b. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Beltramo, T., Rahman, M., Sarr, I., & Nimoh, F. (2021, March 11). Compounding misfortunes—Refugee women and girls lose even more ground during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.unhcr.org/blogs/compounding-misfortunes-refugee-women-and-girls-lose-even-more-ground-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Benatar, S., Sanders, D., & Gill, S. (2018). The global politics of healthcare reform. In C. McInnes, K. Lee, & J. Youde (Eds.), Oxford handbook of global health politics (pp. 445–468). Oxford University Press.
Bergsen, P., Billon-Galland, A., Kundnani, H., Ntousas, V., & Raines, T. (2020). Europe after coronavirus: The EU and a new political economy. Royal Institute of International Affairs.
Bhalla, N. (2012, July 23). Thirsty South Asia’s river rifts threaten “water wars.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-water-southasia-idUSBRE86M0C820120723. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.
Biswas, S. (2021). The coronavirus pandemic and global governance: The domestic diffusion of health norms in global health security crises. Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 25(2), 208–234.
Black, D. W. (2021). Banning masks is dangerous—For kids, in-person schooling and grandstanding politicians. https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2021/08/11/covid-19-mask-bans-threaten-kids-health-political-careers/5523964001/
Bonotti, M., & Zech, S. T. (2021). Recovering civility during COVID-19. Springer Nature.
Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Rothman, A. J., Leask, J., & Kempe, A. (2017). Increasing vaccination: Putting psychological science into action. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(3), 149–207.
Brown, F. Z., Brechenmacher, S., & Carothers, T. (2020, April 6). How will the coronavirus reshape democracy and governance globally? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/06/how-will-coronavirus-reshape-democracy-and-governance-globally-pub-81470. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Burrow, S. (2020). Work: The pandemic that stopped the world. In World economic forum. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Challenges_and_Opportunities_Post_COVID_19.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Cai, H. (2020). Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(4), e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30117-X
CARE & Nepal Research Institute (NRI). (2020). Rapid gender analysis report on COVID 19 Nepal, 2020. http://www.careevaluations.org/wp-content/uploads/Nepal-Final-Report_RGA.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Cassidy, C. (2021). Anti-vaxxers trying to disrupt Australian rollout by making fake vaccine bookings. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/oct/05/anti-vaxxers-trying-to-disrupt-australian-rollout-by-making-fake-vaccine-bookings. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Chan, E. Y. (2021). Moral foundations underlying behavioral compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110463.
Chen, S. (2021). The anti-vax movement is being radicalized by far-right political extremism. https://theconversation.com/the-anti-vax-movement-is-being-radicalized-by-far-right-political-extremism-166396
Clark, R. P. (2020, April 13). When the narrative becomes the disease. Nieman Foundation at Harvard. https://nieman.harvard.edu/stories/when-the-narrative-becomes-the-disease/. Accessed 28 July 2021.
Cohn, S. K. (2018). Epidemics: Hate and compassion from the plague of Athens to AIDS. Oxford University Press.
Congressional Research Service (CRS). (2021). Global economic effects of COVID-19. Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R46270.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Connolly, K. (2020, August 3). Berlin protests against coronavirus rules divide German leaders. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/03/berlin-protests-against-coronavirus-rules-divide-german-leaders. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Cotter, C. (2020). From the ‘Spanish Flu’ to COVID-19: Lessons from the 1918 pandemic and First World War [Blog post]. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2020/04/23/spanish-flu-covid-19-1918-pandemic-first-world-war/. Accessed 20 May 2020.
Crawley, H. (2021). The politics of refugee protection in a post-covid-19 world. Social Sciences, 10(3), 81.
Dauba-Pantanacce, P. (2020, April 20). The political implications of COVID-19. Standard Chartered. https://www.sc.com/en/feature/the-political-implications-of-covid-19/. Accessed 30 July 2021.
de Bruin, W. B., Saw, H. W., & Goldman, D. P. (2020). Political polarization in US residents’ COVID-19 risk perceptions, policy preferences, and protective behaviors. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 61(2), 177–194.
De Vogli, R. (2011). Neoliberal globalisation and health in a time of economic crisis. Social Theory & Health, 9(4), 311–325.
Delanty, G. (2021). Pandemics, politics, and society: Critical perspectives on the Covid-19 crisis. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110713350
Denmark, A., Edel, C., & Mohandas, S. (2020). Same as it ever was: China’s pandemic opportunism on its periphery. https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/same-as-it-ever-was-chinas-pandemic-opportunism-on-its-periphery/. Accessed 18 July 2021.
Devermont, J., & Olander, E. (2020). COVID-19 is an African political crisis as much as a health and economic emergency. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/covid-19-african-political-crisis-much-health-and-economic-emergency. Accessed 19 July 2021.
Ding, J., & Kananack, C. (2021). The effects of blame and politicization on responses to pandemics. Journal of Student Research, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v10i1.1320
Elkjær, M., & Klitgaard, M. (2021). Economic inequality and political responsiveness: A systematic review. Perspectives on Politics, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592721002188
Eiran, E. (2020). COVID-19 and great power rivalry. http://sam.gov.tr/pdf/sam-yayinlari/The%20World%20after%20COVID19.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Equinet. (2021). COVID-19: A magnifying glass on the vulnerabilities of women in poverty. https://equineteurope.org/covid-19-a-magnifying-glass-on-the-vulnerabilities-of-women-in-poverty/. Accessed 9 Aug 2020.
Feffer, J. (2021, August 12). Delta variant of politics: Far right jumps on anti-vaccination bandwagon. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/covid-19-why-is-the-far-right-jumping-on-the-anti-vaccination-bandwagon-121081200473_1.html. Accessed 6 May 2021.
Felbab-Brown, V. (2020, April 7). How COVID-19 is changing law enforcement practices by police and by criminal groups. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/04/07/how-covid-19-is-changing-law-enforcement-practices-by-police-and-by-criminal-groups/. Accessed 6 May 2021.
Fernandez, M., & Machado, C. (2021). COVID-19’s political challenges in Latin America. Springer.
Finch, H., & Hernandez Finch, M. (2020). The relationship between poverty and the incidence of confirmed Covid-19 cases during the first 10 weeks of the pandemic in the United States. Frontiers in Sociology, 5, 47. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00047
Frantzman, S. J. (2021, August 24). Toxic politicization of COVID in US has global ramifications—Analysis. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/health-science/toxic-politization-of-covid-in-us-has-global-ramifications-analysis-677573. Accessed 17 May 2021.
Gagneur, A. (2020). Respiratory syncytial virus: Motivational interviewing: A powerful tool to address vaccine hesitancy. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 46(4), 93–97.
García-Herrero, A. (2021). Why are Latin American crises deeper than those in emerging Asia, including that of COVID-19? In B. John, P. J. Morgan, & T. Sonobe (Eds.), COVID-19 impacts and policy options: An Asian perspective (pp. 362–381). Asian Development Bank.
Giommoni, T., & Loumeau, G. (2020, October 19). Lockdowns and voting behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://voxeu.org/article/lockdowns-and-voting-behaviour-during-covid-19-pandemic. Accessed 1 Aug 2021.
Gopnik, A. (2021, February 17). Politics, protests, and pandemics. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/politics-protests-and-pandemics-covid-19. Accessed 2 Aug 2021.
Guillen, M. (2020). The politics of pandemic. Strategic Policy, Strategic Survey, 120(1), 25–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/04597230.2020.1835086
Haffajee, R. L., & Mello, M. M. (2020). Thinking globally, acting locally—The US response to COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(22), e75.
Heilbronner, H. (1962). The Russian plague of 1878–79. Slavic Review, 21(1), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/3000545
Heisbourg, F. (2020). From Wuhan to the world: How the pandemic will reshape geopolitics. Survival, 62(3), 7–24.
Hertsgaard, M. (2020, March 25). The media’s Covid-19 coverage proves it could also spotlight the climate crisis. The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/coronavirus-media-climate/. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Hilotin, J. (2020). When Russian and US scientists worked together on vaccines. https://gulfnews.com/special-reports/when-russian-and-us-scientists-worked-together-on-vaccines-1.1597530992539
Holland, A. (2021, September 21). From bad to worse in Latin America. The Harvard Gazette. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/07/how-the-pandemic-has-affected-latin-america/. Accessed 28 July 2021.
Hotez, P. (2019). Anti-vaccine movement is one of the ten threats to global health. https://www.sbmt.org.br/portal/anti-vaccine-movement-is-one-of-the-ten-threats-to-global-health/?locale=en-US&lang=en. Accessed 25 July 2021.
Hotez, P. (2021). COVID vaccines: Time to confront anti-vax aggression. Nature, 592, 661. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01084-x
Human Rights Watch. (2020, March 19). Human rights dimensions of COVID-19 response. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/19/human-rights-dimensions-covid-19-response#_Toc35446577. Accessed 13 July 2021.
Imhoff, R., & Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (un-) truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28, 25–43.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020a, June 19). Reaching women migrant workers in Malaysia amid the COVID 19 health crisis. https://www.ilo.org/asia/media-centre/articles/WCMS_751495/lang--en/index.htm.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020b). COVID-19: Impact on migrant workers and country response in Thailand. Bangkok. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-bangkok/documents/briefingnote/wcms_741920.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020c). The COVID 19 response: Getting gender equality right for a better future for women at work. Bangkok. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_744685.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020d). COVID-19 and the world of work (1st ed.).
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020e). A policy framework for tackling the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 crisis. ILO Brief. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_745337.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2021.
International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2021). World economic outlook. IMF.
Janetsky, M., & Faiola, A. (2020, July 26). Colombian guerrillas are using coronavirus curfews to expand their control: Violators have been killed. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/colombia-coronavirus-farc-eln-guerrillas/2020/07/25/927d3c06-cb64-11ea-bc6a-6841b28d9093_story.html. Accessed 28 July 2021.
Jarus, O. (2021). 20 of the worst epidemics and pandemics in history. https://www.livescience.com/worst-epidemics-and-pandemics-in-history.html
Jiang, J., Chen, E., Yan, S., Lerman, K., & Ferrara, E. (2020). Political polarization drives online conversations about COVID-19 in the United States. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(3), 200–211.
Kahf, A. (2020). The “new normal” global governance post COVID-19. http://sam.gov.tr/pdf/sam-yayinlari/The%20World%20after%20COVID19.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Kelly, J. (2020). Here are the big winners and losers in our new post-Covid-19 world. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackkelly/2020/05/18/here-are-the-big-winners-and-losers-in-our-new-post-covid-19-world/?sh=1d34484fd2c0. Accessed 20 July 2021.
Kentikelenis, A. E., Stubbs, T. H., & King, L. P. (2016). IMF conditionality and development policy space, 1985–2014. Review of International Political Economy, 23(4), 543–582.
Keshavjee, S., & Farmer, P. (2014). Blind spot: How neoliberalism infiltrated global health. University of California Press.
Koob, S. F., & Topsfield, J. (2020, August 4). Mask-dodging woman allegedly smashed female cop’s head into concrete. The Age. https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/mask-dodging-woman-allegedly-smashed-female-cop-s-head-into-concrete-20200804-p55ica.html. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Korybko, A. (2021). Why was India excluded from AUKUS? https://frontierindia.com/why-was-india-excluded-from-aukus/
Kreager, P. (1988). New light on Graunt. Population Studies, 42(1), 129–140.
Kurlantzick, J. (2021a, October 7). How COVID-19 is transforming politics in Southeast Asia. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/blog/how-covid-19-transforming-politics-southeast-asia. Accessed 16 Sept 2021.
Kurlantzick, J. (2021b, October 6). Is COVID-19 shaking up politics in Southeast Asia? Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/article/covid-19-shaking-politics-southeast-asia. Accessed 11 Dec 2021.
Lee, G. (2020, July 21). Coronavirus: EU leaders reach recovery deal after marathon summit. BBC News, 21. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53481542
Leonard, M. (2020, August 12). The Brexit parenthesis: Three ways the pandemic is changing UK politics. European Council of Foreign Relations. https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/the_brexit_parenthesis_three_ways_the_pandemic_is_changing_uk_politics. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Levy, D. L. (2020). COVID-19 and global governance. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 562–566.
Liao, X., & Tsai, W.-H. (2019). Clientelistic state corporatism: The united front model of “pairing-up” in the Xi Jinping era. China Review, 19(1), 31–56. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26603249
Madiwale, A., & Virk, K. (2011). Civil–military relations in natural disasters: A case study of the 2010 Pakistan floods. International Review of the Red Cross, 93(884), 1085–1105.
Matta, G. (2020). Science communication as a preventative tool in the COVID19 pandemic. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 7, 159. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00645-1
McCutcheon, P. (2020, July 25). Coronavirus is changing the political debate on Queensland’s debt, as both major parties tread the same turf. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-25/coronavirus-queensland-debt-analysis-election-alp-lnp/12488184. Accessed 30 July 2021.
McNamara, K. R., & Newman, A. L. (2020). The big reveal: COVID-19 and globalization’s great transformations. International Organization, 74(S1), E59–E77.
McNeil, D. G. (2010, November 20). Cholera’s second fever: An urge to blame. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/weekinreview/21mcneil.html?auth=login-email&login=email. Accessed 9 Aug 2021.
Mellish, T. I., Luzmore, N. J., & Shahbaz, A. A. (2020). Why were the UK and USA unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic? The systemic weaknesses of neoliberalism: A comparison between the UK, USA, Germany, and South Korea. Journal of Global Faultlines, 7(1), 9–45.
Moser, C. (1993). Gender planning and development: Theory practice and training. Routledge.
Muller, D. (2020, August 11). Tensions rise on coronavirus handling as the media take control of the accountability narrative. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/tensions-rise-on-coronavirus-handling-as-the-media-take-control-of-the-accountability-narrative-144195. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Mutapi, F. (2021, October 18). COVID-19 shows why African data is key for the continent’s response to pandemics. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/covid-19-shows-why-african-data-is-key-for-the-continents-response-to-pandemics-169197. Accessed 30 Mar 2021.
Nakamura, D. (2020, June 24). With ‘kung flu,’ Trump sparks backlash over racist language—And a rallying cry for sup-porters. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/with-kung-flu-trump-sparks-backlash-over-racist-language--and-a-rallying-cry-for-supporters/2020/06/24/485d151e-b620-11ea-aca5-ebb63d27e1ff_story.html. Accessed 10 Mar 2021.
Ndulu, B. (2020, August 6). The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on sub-Saharan African economies. Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/articles/covid-19-pandemic-and-its-impact-sub-saharan-african-economies/. Accessed 12 Mar 2021.
Nott, D. (2020). The COVID-19 response for vulnerable people in places affected by conflict and humanitarian crises. The Lancet, 395(10236), 1532–1533.
OECD. (2020a, November 10). The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/. Accessed 9 Mar 2021.
OECD. (2020b). Unemployment rates, OECD—Updated: November 2020. http://www.oecd.org/sdd/labour-stats/unemployment-rates-oecd-update-november-2020.htm. Accessed 12 Oct 2021.
Olorunnipa, T. (2020, July 14). Trump cites game show host on pandemic while undercutting doctors and questioning their expertise. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-cites-game-show-host-on-pandemic-while-undercutting-doctors-and-questioning-their-expertise/2020/07/13/a083ea5c-c51f-11ea-8ffe-372be8d82298_story.html. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Paterlini, M. (2020). On the front lines of coronavirus: The Italian response to covid-19. BMJ, 368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1065
Poudel, K., & Subedi, P. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on socioeconomic and mental health aspects in Nepal. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(8), 748–755.
Powdthavee, N., Riyanto, Y. E., Wong, E. C., Yeo, J. X., & Chan, Q. Y. (2021). When face masks signal social identity: Explaining the deep face-mask divide during the COVID-19 pandemic. PloS One, 16(6), e0253195.
Powell, K. (2012). Facing anti-vaccine movements: Myths and facts about adverse events. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16, e57–e58.
Qin, L., Li, X., Shi, J., Yu, M., Wang, K., Tao, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhou, M., Xu, S., Wu, B., Yang, Z., Zhang, C., Yue, J., Cheng, C., Liu, X., Xie, M., & Xie, M. (2020). Gendered effects on inflammation reaction and outcome of COVID‐19 patients in Wuhan. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(11), 2684–2692.
Rahmadhani, P., Vaz, F., & Affiat, R. A. (2021). COVID-19 crisis and women in Asia: Economic impacts and policy responses. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Rajan, R. (2021). Dealing with corporate distress, repair, and reallocation after the pandemic. In J. Beirne, P. J. Morgan, & T. Sonobe (Eds), COVID-19 impacts and policy options: An Asian perspective (pp. 385–398). Asian Development Bank.
Raus, K., Mortier, E., & Eeckloo, K. (2021). Ethical reflections on Covid-19 vaccines. Acta Clinica Belgica, 1–6.
Roberts, A. (2020). Pandemics and politics. Survival, 62(5), 7–40.
Ryall, J. (2020, August 11). Japan has anti-mask protesters too, led by a coronavirus-denying political hopeful. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3096902/japan-has-anti-mask-protesters-too-led-coronavirus?module=perpetual_scroll&pgtype=article&campaign=3096902. Accessed 21 Feb 2021.
Sawada, Y., & Sumulong, L. R. (2021). Macroeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in developing Asia. In J. Beirne, P. J. Morgan, & T. Sonobe T. (Eds.), COVID-19 impacts and policy options: An Asian perspective (pp. 11–47). Asian Development Bank.
Scott, C. (2014). The Ebola outbreak was political-just like every disease outbreak [blog post]. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/30/7466989/the-ebola-outbreak-was-political-just-like-every-disease-outbre. Accessed 20 May 2020.
Senaratne, B. (2020, December 19). The Covid-19 pandemic and the power rivalry in South Asia. The National Bureau of Asian Research. https://www.nbr.org/publication/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-the-power-rivalry-in-south-asia/. Accessed 13 Dec 2021.
Shannon, J., & Burrowes, K. (2021, March 8). How governments can push towards a better tomorrow. PWC. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Spinney, L. (2020, March 7). The world changed its approach to health after the 1918 flu: Will it after the COVID-19 outbreak? Time. https://time.com/5797629/health-1918-flu-epidemic/. Accessed 22 July 2021.
Sprunt, B. (2020, August 12). Harris, as Biden’s running mate, says case against Trump is “open and shut”. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/08/12/901462712/biden-and-harris-to-introduce-their-presidential-ticket-in-delaware. Accessed 21 July 2021.
Staniland, P. (2020). Kashmir, India, and Pakistan and coronavirus. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/14/kashmir-india-and-pakistan-and-coronavirus-pub-81529. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Stewart, E. (2020, August 7). Anti-maskers explain themselves. https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/8/7/21357400/anti-mask-protest-rallies-donald-trump-covid-19. Accessed 19 Aug 2021.
Ullah, A. A. (2014). Refugee politics in the middle East and the Africa: Human rights, safety and identity. Palgrave Macmillan.
Ullah, A. A. (2018). Conflicts and displacements in Syria: Exploring life trajectories of separated refugee minors. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 12(2), 207–224.
Ullah, A. A., & Huque, A. S. (2014). Asian immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS: Stigma, vulnerabilities and human rights. Springer.
Ullah, A. A., & Nawaz, F. (2020). Surrogacy-led migration: Reflections on the policy dilemmas. Public Administration and Policy, 23(2), 157–171.
Ullah, A. A., Hasan, N. H., Mohamad, S. M., & Chattoraj, D. (2021a). Privileged migrants and their sense of belonging: Insider or outsider? Asian Journal of Social Science, 49(3), 161–169.
Ullah, A. A., Hossain, M. A., & Huque, A. S. (2021b). Non-conventional migration: An evolving pattern in South Asia. Journal of African and Asian Studies, 56(3), 00219096211008468.
Ullah, A. A., Kumpoh, A. A. Z. A., & Haji-Othman, N. A. (2021c). Covid-19 vaccine and international relations: New frontiers of vaccine diplomacy. Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(1), 1–14.
Ullah, A. A., Nawaz, F., & Chattoraj, D. (2021d). Locked up under lockdown: The COVID-19 pandemic and the migrant population. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100126
Ullah, A. K. M. A., Haji-Othman, N. A., & Daud, M. K. (2021). COVID-19 and shifting border policies in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(2), 1–14.
UN. (2020, June 28). Against the odds: Stories from women in Thailand during COVID-19. https://thailand.un.org/en/51835-against-odds-stories-women-thailand-during-covid-19. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Unicef. (2021). Racing to respond to the COVID-19 crisis in South Asia. https://www.unicef.org/rosa/racing-respond-covid-19-crisis-south-asia. Accessed 13 Aug 2021.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2017). Migrants in vulnerable situations UNHCR’s perspectives. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/596787174.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
University of Southern California. (2020, July 7). COVID-related discrimination disproportionately impacts racial minorities, study shows: Discrimination against people perceived to have COVID-19 increased from March to April 2020. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200707113208.htm. Accessed 12 Apr 2021.
UN Women. (2020). Migrant workers in the Asia Pacific. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/focus-areas/women-poverty-economics/migrant-workers. Accessed 30 July 2021.
UNWater. (2019). WASH in Health Care Facilities: Global Baseline Report 2019. https://www.unwater.org/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities-global-baseline-report-2019/
Vela, J. H. (2020, May 28). Trade Bazooka gets backing from main political groups in EU parliament. Politico Pro; Draft Report, 2019/10273(COD).
Wamsley, D., & Chin-Yee, B. (2021). COVID-19, digital health technology and the politics of the unprecedented. Big Data & Society, 8(1), 20539517211019440.
Weiffen, B. (2020). Latin America and COVID-19: Political rights and presidential leadership to the test. Democratic Theory, 7(2), 61–68.
Weis, L. (1995). Identity formation and the processes of “othering”: Unraveling sexual threads. The Journal of Educational Foundations, 9(1), 17.
Weiss, C. (2020, March 13). Jihadists discuss coronavirus, offer advice. FDD’s Long War Journal. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2020/03/jihadists-discuss-coronavirus-offer-advice.php. Accessed 1 Aug 2021.
Woodward, A. (2021, September 11). The US ranks second highest among high-income countries in terms of vaccine hesitancy, one chart shows. Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/vaccine-hesitancy-us-compared-other-countries-chart-2021-9. Accessed 23 Nov 2021.
World Bank. (2020). COVID-19: Remittance flows to shrink 14% by 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/10/29/covid-19-remittance-flows-to-shrink-14-by-2021. Accessed 1 June 2021.
World Bank (2021, June 8). The global economy: On track for strong but uneven growth as COVID-19 still weighs. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/08/the-global-economy-on-track-for-strong-but-uneven-growth-as-covid-19-still-weighs. Accessed 5 Aug 2021.
World Trade Organization (WTO). (2020a). The economic impact of COVID-19 on women in vulnerable sectors and economies (COVID-19 Reports, no. 2020a/10). Accessed 30 July 2021.
World Trade Organization (WTO). (2020b). Trade set to plunge as COVID-19 pandemic upends global economy. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm. Accessed 26 July 2021.
Xinhua. (2019, September 11). U.S. federal budget deficit exceeds 1 trillion USD for first 11 months of fiscal year. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/11/c_138382147.htm. Accessed 3 Aug 2021.
Yenel, S. (2020). The effects of COVID-19 and how to prepare for the future: Challenges of global governance amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Council on Foreign Relations: International Institutions and Global Governance Program.
Youngs, R., & Panchulidze, E. (2020). Global democracy & Covid-19: Upgrading international support. European Endowment for Democracy. https://www.democracyendowment.eu/en/news/1741-global-democracy-and-covid-19-upgrading-international-support.html. Accessed 19 July 2021.
Zhuang, J. (2020, June). Mind the gap in combating COVID-19. In East Asia forum (Vol. 18).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ullah, A.A., Ferdous, J. (2022). Politicization of Pandemic and the Ramifications. In: The Post-Pandemic World and Global Politics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1910-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1910-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1909-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-1910-7
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)