Abstract
In the previous chapter, we established the research questions, the aims, the argument we intended to make, and the structure of the book. We linked to emphasize the critical nature of the research we conducted during the pandemic, as well as the ways in which global politics are evolving in reaction to the pandemic and vaccine politics. As a result of the disputes ignited in the preceding chapter, the book requires a firm theoretical foundation about previous pandemics, politics, and the path to resolution.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aggarwal, A. (2020). How Covid-19 fuels the digital gender divide. Retrieved from https://itforchange.net/covid-19-fuels-digital-gender-divide-FES-in-asia. Accessed 14 July 2021.
Akon, M. S., & Rahman, M. (2020). Reshaping the global order in the post covid-19 era: A critical analysis. Chinese Journal of International Review, 2(1), 2050006.
Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 450–452.
Arendt, F. (2020, June 9). Addressing the vulnerability of women in the COVID-19 crisis. UN Volunteers. Retrieved from https://www.unv.org/Success-stories/addressing-vulnerability-women-covid-19-crisis. Accessed 5 Aug 2021.
Bai, H. (2020). Who bought all the toilet paper? Conspiracy theorists are more likely to stockpile during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com/z2g34/
Ball, P., & Maxmen, A. (2020, May 27). The epic battle against coronavirus misinformation and conspiracy theories. Nature. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01452-z. Accessed 28 July 2021.
Bargain, O., & Aminjonov, U. (2021). Poverty and COVID-19 in Africa and Latin America. World Development, 142, 105422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105422
Barro, R. J., Ursúa, J. F., & Weng, J. (2020). The coronavirus and the great influenza pandemic: Lessons from the “spanish flu” for the coronavirus’s potential effects on mortality and economic activity (No. w26866). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Basu, A., Ketheeswaran, N., & Cusanno, B. R. (2022). Localocentricity, mental health and medical poverty in communication about sex work, HIV and AIDS among trans women engaged in sex work. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 24(1), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1817562
Bertin, P., Nera, K., & Delouvee, S. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com/rz78/
Bhattacharya, D. & Khan, S. S. (2021, June 14). Removing the wedge between process actors and knowledge actors in development cooperation: A step toward more inclusive and networked global governance. Center for Global Development. Retrieved from https://www.cgdev.org/blog/removing-wedge-between-process-actors-and-knowledge-actors-development-cooperation-step-toward. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Bickley, S. J., Chan, H. F., Skali, A., Stadelmann, D., & Torgler, B. (2021). How does globalization affect COVID-19 responses? Globalization and Health, 17(1), 1–19.
Bieber, F. (2020). Global nationalism in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nationalities Papers, 1–13.
Bishop, J., & Roberts, A. (2020). Geopolitics: Resilient and sustainable globalisation. In The World Economic Forum, Geneva (pp. 20–21).
Blanco, M. L., & Rosales, A. (2020). Global governance and COVID-19: The implications of fragmentation and inequality. E-International Relations, 6.
Bodrud-Doza, M., Shammi, M., Bahlman, L., Islam, A. R. M., & Rahman, M. (2020). Psychosocial and socio-economic crisis in Bangladesh due to COVID-19 pandemic: A perception-based assessment. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 341.
Bogart, L. M., & Thorburn, S. (2005). Are HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans? Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 38(2), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200502010-00014. PMID: 15671808.
Bogart, L. M., Wagner, G., Galvan, F. H., & Banks, D. (2010). Conspiracy beliefs about HIV are related to antiretroviral treatment nonadherence among African American men with HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 53(5), 648–655.
Bonotti, M., & Zech, S. T. (2021). Recovering civility during COVID-19. Springer Nature.
Bowen, M. (1966). The use of family theory in clinical practice. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 7(5), 345–374.
Brown, F.Z., Brechenmacher, S. & Carothers, T. (2020, April 6). How will the coronavirus reshape democracy and governance globally? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/06/how-will-coronavirus-reshape-democracy-and-governance-globally-pub-81470. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Caplan, C. (1964). Principles of preventive psychiatry. Basic Books Inc.
Centre for Better Ageing. (2021). COVID-19 and the digital divide. Retrieved from https://ageing-better.org.uk/sites/default/files/2021-07/COVID-19-and-the-digital-divide.pdf
Chattoraj, D., Ullah, A. K. M. A., & Hossain, M. A. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and the travails of Rohingya refugees in the largest Bangladeshi refugee camp. In B. Doucet, van R. Melik, & P. Filion (Eds.), Global reflections on COVID-19 and cities: Urban inequalities in the age of pandemic. Bristol University Policy Press.
Cimmino, J., Katz, R., Kroenig, M., Lipsky, J., & Pavel, B. (2020). A global strategy for shaping the post-COVID-19 world. The Atlantic Council of the United States.
Collier, P., Hoeffler, A., & Rohner, D. (2009). Beyond greed and grievance: Feasibility and civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 61(1), 1–27.
Cotula, L. (2021). Towards a political economy of the COVID-19 crisis: Reflections on an agenda for research and action. World Development, 138, 105235.
Dacombe, R. (2021). Conspiracy theories: Why are they thriving in the pandemic? Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/conspiracy-theories-why-are-they-thriving-in-the-pandemic-153657. Accessed 6 Aug 2021.
D’Auria, G., & Smet, A. (2020, March 13). Leadership in a crisis: Responding to the coronavirus outbreak and future challenges. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/leadership-in-a-crisis-responding-to-the-coronavirus-outbreak-and-future-challenges. Accessed 5 Aug 2021.
De’, R., Pandey, N., & Pal, A. (2020). Impact of digital surge during Covid-19 pandemic: A viewpoint on research and practice. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 10217.
Donnelly, R., Patrinos, H. A., & Gresham, J. (2021, April 2). The impact of COVID-19 on education—Recommendations and opportunities for Ukraine. The World Bank. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2021/04/02/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-recommendations-and-opportunities-for-ukraine. Accessed 5 Aug 2021.
Douglas, K. M. (2021). COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 270–275.
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 538–542.
Eban, K. (2021). The lab-leak theory: Inside the fight to uncover COVID-19’s origins. Retrieved from https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/06/the-lab-leak-theory-inside-the-fight-to-uncover-covid-19s-origins. Accessed 5 Aug 2020.
Emily, V., Andrew, P., Lee, R., & Monica, A. (2020). 53% of Americans say the internet has been essential during the COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2020/04/30/53-of-americans-say-the-internet-has-been-essential-during-the-covid-19-outbreak/. Accessed 8 Aug 2020.
Esteban-Navarro, M. Á., García-Madurga, M. Á., Morte-Nadal, T., & Nogales-Bocio, A. I. (2020, December). the rural digital divide in the face of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe—Recommendations from a scoping review. In Informatics (Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 54). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Evstatieva, M. (2020, July 10). Anatomy of a COVID-19 conspiracy theory. NPR All Things Considered. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2020/07/10/889037310/anatomy-of-a-covid-19-conspiracy-theory. Accessed 7 Jan 2021.
Fernando, R., & McKibbin, W. J. (2021). Macroeconomic policy adjustments due to COVID-19: Scenarios to 2025 with a focus on Asia. In B. John, P. J. Morgan, & T. Sonobe (Eds.), COVID-19 Impacts and policy options: An Asian perspective (pp. 399–472). Asian Development Bank.
Ferrer, R. A., & Klein, W. M. (2015). Risk perceptions and health behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 5, 85–89.
Fine, R. (1980). Work, depression, and creativity, psychoanalytic perspective. Psychological Reports, 46(3_suppl), 1195–1221. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1980.46.3c.1195
Ford, K. (2021). Addressing the gender digital divide is critical to ensure no one is left behind from COVID-19. Young Lives. https://www.younglives.org.uk/content/addressing-gender-digital-divide-critical-ensure-no-one-left-behind-covid-19. Accessed 12 May 2021.
Galliford, N., & Furnham, A. (2017). Individual difference factors and beliefs in medical and political conspiracy theories. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(5), 422–428.
Geissler, E., & Sprinkle, R. H. (2013). Disinformation squared: Was the HIV-from-Fort-Detrick myth a Stasi success? Politics and the Life Sciences, 32(2), 2–99.
Giansanti, D., & Velcro, G. (2021, April). The digital divide in the era of COVID-19: An investigation into an important obstacle to the access to the mHealth by the citizen. In Healthcare (Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 371). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040371
Gingerich, D., & Vogler, J. (2021). Pandemics and political development: The electoral legacy of the black death in Germany. World Politics, 73(3), 393–440. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887121000034
Hardy, L. J., Mana, A., Mundell, L., Neuman, M., Benheim, S., & Otenyo, E. (2021). Who is to blame for COVID-19? Examining politicized fear and health behavior through a mixed methods study in the United States. PloS one, 16(9), e0256136. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256136
Henry, L. (2019). Bridging the urban-rural digital divide and mobilizing technology for poverty eradication: Challenges and gaps. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2019/03/Henry-Bridging-the-Digital-Divide-2019.pdf
Hinterleitner, M. (2018). Policy failures, blame games and changes to policy practice. Journal of Public Policy, 38(2), 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x16000283
Hirshleifer, J. (2001). The dark side of the force: Economic foundations of conflict theory. Cambridge University Press.
Homi, K. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on global extreme poverty. Brookings Future Development Blog. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2021/05/KHARAS_paper1.pdf. Accessed 26 July 2021.
Huawei & Oxford Economics. (2017). Digital spillover: Measuring the true impact of the digital economy. Retrieved from https://www.huawei.com/minisite/gci/en/digital-spillover/files/gci_digital_spillover.pdf. Accessed 14 July 2021.
Imhoff, R., & Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (un-) truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28, 25–43.
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2020). A Bioweapon or a hoax? The link between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(8), 1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620934692
International Crisis Group (ICG). (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic and deadly conflict. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/pandemics_public_health_deadly_conflict. Accessed 10 Feb 2021.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). COVID-19 and the world of work (1st ed.).
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2021). IOM strategic response and recovery plan COVID-19. International Organization for Migration.
International Telecommunication Union. (2012). Impact of broadband on the economy. Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/broadband/ITU-BB-Reports_Impact-of-Broadband-on-the-Economy.pdf. Accessed 5 July 2021.
James, R. K., & Gilliland, B. E. (2017). Crisis intervention strategies (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Kishi, R. (2021). A year of COVID-19: The pandemic’s impact on global conflict and demonstration trends. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ACLED_A-Year-of-COVID19_April2021-compressed.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Klofstad, C. A., Uscinski, J. E., Connolly, J. M., & West, J. P. (2019). What drives people to believe in Zika conspiracy theories? Palgrave Communications, 5, 1–8.
Lamberty, P., & Imhoff, R. (2018). Powerful pharma and its marginalized alternatives? Effects of individual differences in conspiracy mentality on attitudes toward medical approaches. Social Psychology, 49(5), 255–270. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000347
Laurent-Lucchetti, J., Rohner, D., & Thoenig, M. (2020). Ethnic conflicts and the informational dividend of democracy. Retrieved from https://www.tax.mpg.de/fileadmin/TAX/docs/all/event/LRT_20Oct2020.pdf
Leman, P. J., & Cinnirella, M. (2007). A major event has a major cause: Evidence for the role of heuristics in reasoning about conspiracy theories. Social Psychological Review, 9, 18–28.
Lewandowsky, S., & Cook, J. (2020). The conspiracy theory handbook. Retrieved from https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ConspiracyTheoryHandbook.pdf. Accessed 2 July 2021.
Lewis, H. (2020. March 19). The coronavirus is a disaster for feminism. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Lijphart, A. (2012). Patterns of democracy: government forms and performance in thirty-six countries (2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
Lindemann, E. (1953). Mental health fundamental to a dynamic epidemiology of health. The epidemiology of health. In I. Galdston (Ed.), The epidemiology of health. Health Education Council.
Loayza, N. (2020). Costs and trade-offs in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic: A developing country perspective. World Bank Research and Policy Briefs (148535). Retrieved from https://www.piatafinanciara.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/World-Bank-Document.pdf. Accessed 30 Sept 2021.
Lor, P., Wiles, B., & Britz, J. (2021). Re-thinking information ethics: Truth, conspiracy theories, and librarians in the COVID-19 era. Libri, 71(1), 1–14.
Mana, A., Bauer, G. F., Magistretti, C. M., Sardu, C., Juvinyà-Canal, D., Hardy, L. J., ... Sagy, S. (2021). Order out of chaos: Sense of coherence and the mediating role of coping resources in explaining mental health during COVID-19 in 7 countries. SSM-Mental Health, 1, 100001.
McLuhan, M., & Moos, M. (2014). Media research: Technology, art and communication. Routledge.
Melvin, S. C., Wiggins, C., Burse, N., Thompson, E., & Monger, M. (2020). Peer reviewed: The role of public health in COVID-19 emergency response efforts from a rural health perspective. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200256
Mustasilta, K. (2020, October 23). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on peace and conflict. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/effects-covid-19-pandemic-peace-and-conflict. Accessed 30 July 2021.
Nelson, M. (2016). Credit-claiming or blame avoidance? Comparing the relationship between welfare state beliefs and the framing of social policy retrenchment in France and Germany. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 18(2), 138–156.
Nwankwo, C. F. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and political participation in Lagos Nigeria. SN Social Sciences, 1(6), 1–23.
Obrenovic, B., Du, J., Godinic, D., Tsoy, D., Khan, M. A. S., & Jakhongirov, I. (2020). Sustaining enterprise operations and productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic: “Enterprise Effectiveness and Sustainability Model.” Sustainability, 12(15), 5981.
OECD. (2020b). Unemployment rates, OECD—Updated: November 2020. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/sdd/labour-stats/unemployment-rates-oecd-update-november-2020.htm. Accessed 12 Oct 2021.
Oestreicher, C. (2007). A history of chaos theory. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 9(3), 279–289.
Oliver, J. E., & Wood, T. (2014). Medical conspiracy theories and health behaviors in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(5), 817–818.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020a). Social economy and the COVID-19 crisis: Current and future roles. OECD Publishing.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020b). What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants and their children? Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/what-is-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-immigrants-and-their-children-e7cbb7de/. Accessed 15 Feb 2020.
Pal, P. (2020, June 20). Managing a post-COVID global order: Looking through the lens of international relations. Extraordinary and plenipotentiary. Diplomatist. Retrieved from https://diplomatist.com/2020/06/20/managing-a-post-covid-global-order-looking-through-the-lens-of-international-relations/. Accessed 4 Aug 2021.
Rohner, D. (2020). Covid-19 and conflict: Major risks and policy responses. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 26(3), 20200043.
Sawada, Y., & Sumulong, L. R. (2021). Macroeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in developing Asia. In J. Beirne, P. J. Morgan, & T. Sonobe T. (Eds). COVID-19 impacts and policy options: An Asian perspective (pp. 11–47). Asian Development Bank.
Scharpf, F. W. (1997). Games real actors play: Actor-centered institutionalism in policy research. Westview Press.
Schlossberg, N. K. (1961). Model of counseling adults in transition. https://www.uwyo.edu/aded5050/5050unit4/schlossberg.asp
Selye, H. (1979). Stress of my life: A scientist’s memoirs. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Shammi, M., Bodrud-Doza, M., Islam, A. R. M. T., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). Strategic assessment of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: Comparative lockdown scenario analysis, public perception, and management for sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(4), 6148–6191.
Shinozaki, S., & Rao, L. N. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises under lockdown: Evidence from a rapid survey in the Philippines. In J. Beirne, P. J. Morgan, & T. Sonobe (Eds.), COVID-19 impacts and policy options: An Asian perspective (pp. 140–187). Asian Development Bank.
Slessor, C. (2020, May 3). Why do coronavirus sceptics and deniers continue to downplay the disease? abcNews. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-03/coronavirus-sceptics-continue-to-downplay-covid19/12201344. Accessed 10 Dec 2021.
Stanley, M., Barr, N., Peters, K., & Seli, P. (2020, March 30). Analytic-thinking predicts hoax beliefs and helping behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/m3vth. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
The Medical Futurist. (2020, May 19). Debunking COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Retrieved from https://medicalfuturist.com/debunking-covid-19-theories/. Accessed 18 Sept 2021.
Ullah, A. A., Hasan, N. H., Mohamad, S. M., & Chattoraj, D. (2020). Migration and security: Implications for minority migrant groups. India Quarterly, 76(1), 136–153.
Ullah, A. A., Hossain, M. A., & Chattoraj, D. (2020). Covid-19 and Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh. Intellectual Discourse, 28(2), 793–806.
Ullah, A. A., & Huque, A. S. (2014). Asian immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS: Stigma, vulnerabilities and human rights. Springer.
Ullah, A. A., Lee, S. C. W., Hassan, N. H., & Nawaz, F. (2020). Xenophobia in the GCC countries: Migrants’ desire and distress. Global Affairs, 6(2), 203–223.
Ullah, A. K. M., Hossain, M. A., Azizuddin, M., & Nawaz, F. (2020). Social research methods: Migration in perspective. Migration Letters, 17(2), 357–368.
Ullah, A. A., Hasan, N. H., Mohamad, S. M., & Chattoraj, D. (2021). Privileged migrants and their sense of belonging: Insider or outsider? Asian Journal of Social Science, 49(3), 161–169.
Ullah, A. A., Hossain, M. A., & Huque, A. S. (2021). Non-conventional migration: An evolving pattern in South Asia. Journal of African and Asian Studies, 56(3), 00219096211008468.
Ullah, A. A., Kumpoh, A. A. Z. A., & Haji-Othman, N. A. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine and international relations: New frontiers of vaccine diplomacy. Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(1), 1–14.
Ullah, A. A., Nawaz, F., & Chattoraj, D. (2021). Locked up under lockdown: The COVID-19 pandemic and the migrant population. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100126
UN. (2020, June 28). Against the odds: stories from women in Thailand during COVID-19. Retrieved from https://thailand.un.org/en/51835-against-odds-stories-women-thailand-during-covid-19. Accessed 30 July 2021.
UNAIDS. (2020). Addressing stigma and discrimination in the COVID-19 response. Retrieved from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/covid19-stigma-brief_en.pdf. Accessed 5 Aug 2021.
UNCTAD. (2020). Coronavirus reveals need to bridge the digital divide. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/news/coronavirus-reveals-need-bridge-digital-divide. Accessed 6 Aug 2021.
UNCTAD. (2021, June 30). Global economy could lose over $4 trillion due to COVID-19 impact on tourism. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/news/global-economy-could-lose-over-4-trillion-due-covid-19-impact-tourism. Accessed 8 Aug 2021.
USAID. (2020). USAID digital strategy. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/15396/COVID-19_and_Gender_Digital_Divide.pdf. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Van Bavel, J. J., Boggio, P., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M., ... Ellemers, N. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com/y38m9/. Accessed 22 Aug 2021.
Van Prooijen, J. W., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations. Memory Studies, 10(3), 323–333.
Walby, S. (2021). The COVID pandemic and social theory: Social democracy and public health in the crisis. European Journal of Social Theory, 24(1), 22–43.
Washington Post. (2021, May 17). Two possible theories of the pandemic’s origins remain viable. The world needs to know. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/two-possible-theories-of-the-pandemics-origins-remain-viable-the-world-needs-to-know/2021/05/17/b87f0b0e-b737-11eb-96b9-e949d5397de9_story.html. Accessed 31 Oct 2021.
Weaver, R. K. (1986). The politics of blame avoidance. Journal of Public Policy, 6(4), 371–398.
World Bank. (2020). Monitoring COVID-19 impacts on households in Mongolia. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mongolia/brief/monitoring-covid-19-impacts-on-households-in-mongolia. Accessed 1 Aug 2021.
World Bank (2021, June 8). The global economy: on track for strong but uneven growth as COVID-19 still weighs. The World Bank. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/08/the-global-economy-on-track-for-strong-but-uneven-growth-as-covid-19-still-weighs. Accessed 5 Aug 2021.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020a). Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health and our food systems. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people%27s-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems. Accessed 1 Aug 2021.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020b, May 4). WHO Bangladesh COVID-19 situation report no 10. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/bangladesh/covid-19-who-bangladesh-situation-reports/who-ban-covid-19-sitrep-10.pdf?sfvrsn=c0aac0b8_4. Accessed 5 Aug 2021.
Wu, J., Cai, W., Watkins, D., & Glanz, J. (2020). How the virus got out The New York Times. The New York Times, 22. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/22/world/coronavirus-spread.html. Accessed 1 Aug 2021.
Zhang, L., Shen, F. M., Chen, F., & Lin, Z. (2020). Origin and evolution of the 2019 novel coronavirus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 882–883.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ullah, A.A., Ferdous, J. (2022). Underlying Conceptual Approach: An Era or a Crisis?. In: The Post-Pandemic World and Global Politics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1910-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1910-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1909-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-1910-7
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)