Abstract
Cancer has traditionally been the center of human interest all around the world, making it a medical research hotspot. Animal models are categorized based on the method used to induce cancer in the animal. The mouse has been the standard animal model for fundamental and preclinical cancer research, although other species, such as zebrafish, serve essential and complementary roles as cancer research models. A number of treatments, including chemical or physical mutagenesis, viral infection, transgene insertion, homologous recombination, and the recently established gene edition, have resulted in genetically altered mouse and zebrafish cancer models. As research advances, the methods for creating cancer animal models become increasingly diversified, including chemical induction, xenotransplantation, gene programming, and so forth. The introduction of genetically engineered animal models has greatly aided in the understanding of the illness. Animal models can be utilized not only to study the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of cancer incidence and progression in objects but also for cancer medication screening and gene therapy research. Animal models are useful for researching the biology and genetics of human malignancies, as well as for preclinical research into anti-cancer medicines and cancer prevention. Major strides have been achieved in the development of animal models of cancer, which have become increasingly complex via the use of new technologies and the incorporation of clinical data from patients.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler S (1948) Origin of the golden hamster Cricetusauratus as a laboratory animal. Nature 162(4111):256–257
Alworth LC, Harvey SB (2012) Chinchillas. Anatomy, physiology and behaviour. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine series, 1st edn. Academic (Elsevier), San Diego, pp 955–965
Alworth LC, Vazquez VM (2009) A novel system for individually housing bullfrogs. Lab Anim 38(10):329–333
Arslan H, Ketani A, Gezici A, Kapukaya A, Necmioglu S, Kesemenli C, Subasi M (2003) The effects of osteoporosis on distraction osteogenesis: an experimental study in an ovariectomised rabbit model. Actaorthopaedicabelgica 69(1):67–73
Austad SN (1997) Birds as models of aging in biomedical research. ILAR J 38(3):137–140
Austad SN (2011) Candidate bird species for use in aging research. ILAR J 52(1):89–96
Bacon LD, Hunt HD, Cheng HH (2000) A review of the development of chicken lines to resolve genes determining resistance to diseases. Poult Sci 79(8):1082–1093
Bähr A, Wolf E (2012) Domestic animal models for biomedical research. Reprod Domest Anim 47:59–71
Balamayooran G, Pena M, Sharma R, Truman RW (2015) The armadillo as an animal model and reservoir host for Mycobacterium leprae. Clin Dermatol 33(1):108–115
Ball GF, Balthazart J (2010) Japanese quail as a model system for studying the neuroendocrine control of reproductive and social behaviors. ILAR J 51(4):310–325
Barut BA, Zon LI (2000) Realizing the potential of zebrafish as a model for human disease. Physiol Genomics 2(2):49–51
Bateson M, Feenders G (2010) The use of passerine bird species in laboratory research: implications of basic biology for husbandry and welfare. ILAR J 51(4):394–408
Benavides F, Guenet JL (2001) Murine models for human diseases. Medicina 61(2):215–231
Bernards A, Hariharan IK (2001) Of flies and men – studying human disease in Drosophila. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11(3):274–278
Blickstein I, Keith LG (2007) On the possible cause of monozygotic twinning: lessons from the 9-banded armadillo and from assisted reproduction. Twin Res Hum Genet 10(2):394–399
Burggren WW, Warburton S (2007) Amphibians as animal models for laboratory research in physiology. ILAR J 48(3):260–269
Butler MP, Turner KW, Zucker I (2008) A melatonin-independent seasonal timer induces neuroendocrine refractoriness to short day lengths. J Biol Rhythm 23(3):242–251
Cekanova M, Rathore K (2014) Animal models and therapeutic molecular targets of cancer: utility and limitations. Drug Des Devel Ther 8:1911
Champneys F (1874) The septum atriorum of the frog and the rabbit. J Anat Physiol 8(Pt 2):340
Cheon DJ, Orsulic S (2011) Mouse models of cancer. Annu Rev Phytopathol 6:95–119
Cho SY, Kang W, Han JY, Min S, Kang J, Lee A, Kwon JY, Lee C, Park H (2016) An integrative approach to precision cancer medicine using patient-derived xenografts. Mol Cells 39(2):77
Coffey DS, Isaacs JT (1980) Requirements for an idealized animal model of prostatic cancer. Prog Clin Biol Res 37:379–391
Colby LA, Nowland MH, Kennedy LH (2019) Clinical laboratory animal medicine: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Wiley, Chichester UK.
Cracraft J, Houde P, Ho SY, Mindell DP, Fjeldså J, Lindow B, Edwards SV, Rahbek C, Mirarab S, Warnow T, Gilbert MTP (2015) Response to comment on “whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds”. Science 349(6255):1460–1460
Creaser CW (1934) The technic of handling the zebra fish (Brachydaniorerio) for the production of eggs which are favorable for embryological research and are available at any specified time throughout the year. Copeia 1934(4):159–161
Dickenson V (2013) Rabbit. Reaktion Books, Chicago USA.
Dictionary OE (1989) Oxford English dictionary. Simpson JA, Weiner ESC
Ema M, Naya M, Yoshida K, Nagaosa R (2010) Reproductive and developmental toxicity of hydrofluorocarbons used as refrigerants. Reprod Toxicol 29(2):125–131
Enforcement R (1989) Animal welfare enforcement fiscal year 1988: report of the secretary of agriculture to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives
Engeszer RE, Patterson LB, Rao AA, Parichy DM (2007) Zebrafish in the wild: a review of natural history and new notes from the field. Zebrafish 4(1):21–40
Fee MS, Scharff C (2010) The songbird as a model for the generation and learning of complex sequential behaviors. ILAR J 51(4):362–377
Foury F (1997) Human genetic diseases: a cross-talk between man and yeast. Gene 195(1):1–10
Franco NH (2013) Animal experiments in biomedical research: a historical perspective. Animals 3(1):238–273
Gresham VC, Haines VL (2012) Management, husbandry, and colony health. In: The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents. Academic, pp 603–619, Cambridge USA.
Hanly WC, Artwohl JE, Bennett BT (1995) Review of polyclonal antibody production procedures in mammals and poultry. ILAR J 37(3):93–118
Harding CF (2004) Learning from bird brains: how the study of songbird brains revolutionized neuroscience. Lab Anim 33(5):28–33
Hardy C, Callou C, Vigne JD, Casane D, Dennebouy N, Mounolou JC, Monnerot M (1995) Rabbit mitochondrial DNA diversity from prehistoric to modern times. J Mol Evol 40(3):227–237
Harkness JE, Turner PV, VandeWoude S, Wheler CL (2010) Harkness and Wagner’s biology and medicine of rabbits and rodents. Wiley, New Jersey USA.
Hau J, Schapiro SJ, Van Hoosier Jr GL (2002) Handbook of laboratory animal science: animal models, vol II. CRC Press, Florida
Hein GJ, Baker C, Hsieh J, Farr S, Adeli K (2013) GLP-1 and GLP-2 as yin and yang of intestinal lipoprotein production: evidence for predominance of GLP-2–stimulated postprandial lipemia in normal and insulin-resistant states. Diabetes 62(2):373–381
Hendriksen CF (2005) The ethics of research involving animals: a review of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics report from a three Rs perspective. Altern Lab Anim 33(6):659–662
Hesse BE, Potter B (2004) A behavioral look at the training of Alex: a review of Pepperberg’s the Alex studies: cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots. Anal Verbal Behav 20(1):141–151
Hickman DL, Johnson J, Vemulapalli TH, Crisler JR, Shepherd R (2017) Commonly used animal models. In: Principles of animal research for graduate and undergraduate students. p 117, Academic press, Cambridge USA
Horton L (1989) Commentary: the enduring animal issue. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:736–743
Howe K, Clark MD, Torroja CF, Torrance J, Berthelot C, Muffato M, Collins JE, Humphray S, McLaren K, Matthews L, McLaren S (2013) The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome. Nature 46(7446):498–503
Jiménez JE (1996) The extirpation and current status of wild chinchillas Chinchilla lanigera and C. brevicaudata. Biol Conserv 77(1):1–6
Kaiser P (2012) The long view: a bright past, a brighter future? Forty years of chicken immunology pre-and post-genome. Avian Pathol 41(6):511–518
Kelland LR (2004) “Of mice and men”: values and liabilities of the athymic nude mouse model in anticancer drug development. Eur J Cancer 40(6):827–836
Kerby JL, Hart AJ, Storfer A (2011) Combined effects of virus, pesticide, and predator cue on the larval tiger salamander (Ambystomatigrinum). EcoHealth 8(1):46–54
Khaled WT, Liu P (2014) Cancer mouse models: past, present and future. In: Seminars in cell & developmental biology, vol 27. Academic, pp 54–60, USA
Koustubhan P, Sorocco D, Levin MS (2008) Establishing and maintaining a Xenopuslaevis colony for research laboratories. In: Sourcebook of models for biomedical research. Humana Press, pp 139–160, New Jersey USA
Laale HW (1977) The biology and use of zebrafish, Brachydaniorerio in fisheries research. A literature review. J Fish Biol 10(2):121–173
LaFollette H, Shanks N (2020) Brute science: dilemmas of animal experimentation. Routledge, Oxfordshire, England UK
Lovern MB, Holmes MM, Wade J (2004) The green anole (Anoliscarolinensis): a reptilian model for laboratory studies of reproductive morphology and behavior. ILAR J 45(1):54–64
McClure MM, McIntyre PB, McCune AR (2006) Notes on the natural diet and habitat of eight danionin fishes, including the zebrafish Danio rerio. J Fish Biol 69(2):553–570
Miele M (2016) Killing animals for food: how science, religion and technologies affect the public debate about religious slaughter. Food Ethics 1(1):47–60
Morton DJ, Hempel RJ, Seale TW, Whitby PW, Stull TL (2012) A functional tonB gene is required for both virulence and competitive fitness in a chinchilla model of Haemophilusinfluenzae otitis media. BMC Res Notes 5(1):1–7
O’Rourke DP (2007) Amphibians used in research and teaching. ILAR J 48(3):183–187
O’Rourke DP, Lertpiriyapong K (2015) Biology and diseases of reptiles. In: Laboratory animal medicine. Academic, pp 967–1013
Oi A, Morishita K, Awogi T, Ozaki A, Umezato M, Fujita S, Hosoki E, Morimoto H, Ishiharada N, Ishiyama H, Uesugi T (2011) Nonclinical safety profile of tolvaptan. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 25(1):91–99
Oparin AI (1957) The origin of life on the earth. The origin of life on the earth, 3rd edn
Padilla-Carlin DJ, McMurray DN, Hickey AJ (2008) The guinea pig as a model of infectious diseases. Comp Med 58(4):324–340
Peña JL, DeBello WM (2010) Auditory processing, plasticity, and learning in the barn owl. ILAR J 51(4):338–352
Pough FH (1991) Recommendations for the care of amphibians and reptiles in academic institutions. ILAR J 33(4):S1–S21
Pritt S (2012) Guinea pigs: taxonomy and history. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster and other rodents. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 563–575
Rao N, Song F, Jhamb D, Wang M, Milner DJ, Price NM, Belecky-Adams TL, Palakal MJ, Cameron JA, Li B, Chen X (2014) Proteomic analysis of fibroblastema formation in regenerating hind limbs of Xenopuslaevisfroglets and comparison to axolotl. BMC Dev Biol 14(1):1–27
Rappuoli R (2014) Inner workings: 1885, the first rabies vaccination in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(34):12273–12273
Regan T (2004) The case for animal rights. Univ of California Press, USA
Ronisz A, Delcroix M, Quarck R (2013) Measurement of right ventricular pressure by telemetry in conscious moving rabbits. Lab Anim 47(3):184–193
Russell WMS, Burch RL (1959) The principles of humane experimental technique. Methuen, North Yorkshire, UK
Schmidt MF (2010) An IACUC perspective on songbirds and their use in neurobiological research. ILAR J 51(4):424
Sechzer JA (1983) The role of animals in biomedical research
Seidl AH, Sanchez JT, Schecterson L, Tabor KM, Wang Y, Kashima DT, Poynter G, Huss D, Fraser SE, Lansford R, Rubel EW (2013) Transgenic quail as a model for research in the avian nervous system: a comparative study of the auditory brainstem. J Comp Neurol 521(1):5–23
Shanahan M, Bingman VP, Shimizu T, Wild M, Güntürkün O (2013) Large-scale network organization in the avian forebrain: a connectivity matrix and theoretical analysis. Front Comput Neurosci 7:89
Shiomi M, Ito T (2009) The Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit, its characteristics and history of development: a tribute to the late Dr. Yoshio Watanabe. Atherosclerosis 207(1):1–7
Spence R, Gerlach G, Lawrence C, Smith C (2008) The behaviour and ecology of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Biol Rev 83(1):13–34
Suckow MA, Stevens KA, Wilson RP (eds) (2012) The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents. Academic
Svendsen P, Hau J (1994) Handbook of laboratory animal science (No.Sirsi) i9780849343780), CRC press, Florida
Teicher BA, Andrews PA (2004) Anticancer drug development guide; preclinical screening, clinical trials, and approval, 2nd edn. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 99–123
U.S. Congress (1986) Office of Technology Assessment. Alternatives to animal use in research, testing, and education. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. OTA-BA-273.1986. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/ota/Ota_3/DATA/1986/8601.PDF. Accessed 3 July 2014
Wahl-Jensen V, Bollinger L, Safronetz D, Kok-Mercado D, Scott DP, Ebihara H (2012) Use of the Syrian hamster as a new model of ebola virus disease and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Viruses 4(12):3754–3784
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Chettinad Academy of Research and Education and Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, San Pablo, Mexico, for the facilities. We would also like to thank the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India for providing the grant (Grant number: EMR/2017/001877) to Surajit Pathak.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization and revision of manuscript – SP, AB and SP; Writing (Original draft preparation and editing) – DD; Reviewing/Editing of the manuscript – SP, SP, DD; Pictorial representation – DD. All authors approved the content of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics Declarations
No animal and human data are involved.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Das, D., Banerjee, A., Pathak, S., Paul, S. (2022). Importance of Animal Models in the Field of Cancer Research. In: Pathak, S., Banerjee, A., Bisgin, A. (eds) Handbook of Animal Models and its Uses in Cancer Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1282-5_1-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1282-5_1-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1282-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-1282-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences