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Type I and Type II Superconductivity

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Superconducting Materials

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Abstract

Superconductors may be categorized into many classes based on their critical temperature, Tc, crystal structure, and the nature of their superconductivity. The magnetic fields and current densities must be kept below the critical values Bc, and Jc respectively to remain in a superconducting state. One of the classifications is based on how the superconducting materials behaved when exposed to weak, external magnetic fields Ba. According to the Meissner Effect, as weak magnetic fields are exposed to a superconducting material, no magnetic field will penetrate the material, Bin except for a small region surrounding it, Bout creating perfect diamagnetism. However, the superconductivity may break up when Ba increases which classify the materials into Type I and Type II superconductors. In Type I superconductors, there is only one critical magnetic field Bc which separates the superconducting and non-superconducting states of the materials. The BCS theory has successfully explained the superconductivity in low-temperature superconductors based on the formation of the electron Cooper pairs, enabling them to occupy the same ground energy level. In Type II superconductors, the formation of two critical magnetic fields, Bc1 and Bc2 creates the Vortex or Mixed State in the between. Below Bc1, the materials behaved as a superconductor and lost their superconductivity above Bc2. The differences between Type I and Type II superconductors may well be explained based on their changes between resistance and critical temperature, magnetization, and Ginzburg-Landau parameters, \(\kappa\).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Jengka Campus, Bandar Tun Abdul Razak, 26400, Pahang, Malaysia

    Siti Fatimah Saipuddin & Azhan Hashim

  2. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40200, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Siti Fatimah Saipuddin & Nurbaisyatul Ermiza Suhaimi

Authors
  1. Siti Fatimah Saipuddin
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  2. Azhan Hashim
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  3. Nurbaisyatul Ermiza Suhaimi
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Correspondence to Siti Fatimah Saipuddin .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Yassine Slimani

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Essia Hannachi

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Saipuddin, S.F., Hashim, A., Suhaimi, N.E. (2022). Type I and Type II Superconductivity. In: Slimani, Y., Hannachi, E. (eds) Superconducting Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1211-5_5

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