Abstract
Forest ecosystems are one of the most important ecosystems on earth, and sustainability of the planet heavily relies on diverse ecosystem services emerging from them. In order to maintain unrestricted flow of ecosystem services in the warming world, it is essential to conserve and sustainably manage them. This necessitates an understanding of past, present, and future structural and functional pattern of forests, their functioning as well as health status. There are substantial indications that unsustainable human activities have significantly affected the structure and functioning of natural forest ecosystems. To explain the distribution of forests, their functioning, and different drivers of loss to which forests are exposed, enormous methodological and socio-ecological and governance advancements have already taken place. In the opening chapter, we elaborate on the understanding of forest ecosystems from variations in definitions and conceptualizations of forests, emerging challenges, monitoring advancements, etc. Chapter broadly covers scientific advancements for monitoring various stressors, forest degradation, inventory using advanced tools to present the fate of forest structure, and functioning in the changing world. The volume highlights drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, provides insights to innovations, and also touches advanced institutional provisions and governance framework. The thematic and cross cutting chapters bring in scientific evidence-supported information and solutions to enhance the prospects for conserving forests in the fast changing world. Apart from providing a broader overview of the book, its growing relevance, the chapter also offers a brief outline of the chapters in different sections of the book.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alfonso A, Zorondo-RodrÃguez F, Simonetti JA (2017) Perceived changes in environmental degradation and loss of ecosystem services, and their implications in human well-being. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol 24:561–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.1255674
Anonymous (2018) At the human-forest interface. Nat Commun 9:1153. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03586-1
Baumbach L, Niamir A, Hickler T, Yousefpour R (2019) Regional adaptation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) to drought in Central European conditions considering environmental suitability and economic implications. Reg Environ Chang 19:1159–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01472-0
Betru T, Tolera M, Sahle K, Kassa H (2019) Trends and drivers of land use/land cover change in Western Ethiopia. CIFOR. https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/publication/7231/. Accessed 21 Dec 2021
Birkhofer K, Diehl E, Andersson J et al (2015) Ecosystem services—current challenges and opportunities for ecological research. Front Ecol Evol 2:87
Boumans R, Roman J, Altman I, Kaufman L (2015) The Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services (MIMES): simulating the interactions of coupled human and natural systems. Ecosyst Serv 12:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.01.004
Brandon K (2014) Ecosystem services from tropical forests: review of current science—Working Paper 380. Center For Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/ecosystem-services-tropical-forests-review-current-science-working-paper-380. Accessed 7 Dec 2021
Brauman KA, Garibaldi LA, Polasky S et al (2020) Global trends in nature’s contributions to people. PNAS 117:32799–32805. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010473117
Brockerhoff EG, Barbaro L, Castagneyrol B et al (2017) Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Biodivers Conserv 26:3005–3035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1453-2
Brown G, Weber D, De Bie K (2014) Assessing the value of public lands using public participation GIS (PPGIS) and social landscape metrics. Appl Geogr 53:77–89
Capitani C, Soesbergen A van, Mukama K et al (2019) Scenarios of land use and land cover change and their multiple impacts on natural capital in Tanzania. Environ Conserv 46:17–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000255
Capotorti G, Zavattero L, Copiz R et al (2020) Implementation of IUCN criteria for the definition of the Red List of Ecosystems in Italy. Plant Biosystems 154:1007–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1839806
Caron TMF, Chuma VJUR, Sandi AA, Norris D (2021) Big trees drive forest structure patterns across a lowland Amazon regrowth gradient. Sci Rep 11:3380. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83030-5
Champion HG, Seth SK (1968) A revised survey of the forest types of India, New Delhi
Charles H, Dukes JS (2008) Impacts of invasive species on ecosystem services. In: Biological invasions. Springer, pp 217–237
Chazdon RL, Brancalion PHS, Laestadius L et al (2016) When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration. Ambio 45:538–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0772-y
Chen Z (2006) Effects of fire on major forest ecosystem processes: an overview. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 17:1726–1732
Cheng X, Yu M, Wu T (2013) Effect of forest structural change on carbon storage in a coastal metasequoia glyptostroboides stand. Sci World J 2013:e830509. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/830509
Chu H, Luo X, Ouyang Z et al (2021) Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance flux footprints for areas surrounding AmeriFlux sites. Agric For Meteorol 301–302:108350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350
Corbane C, Lang S, Pipkins K, Alleaume S, Deshayes M, Millán VEG, Strasser T, Borre JV, Toon S, Michael F (2015) Remote sensing for mapping natural habitats and their conservation status—new opportunities and challenges. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 37:7–16
Costanza R, D’Arge R, de Groot R et al (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0
Costanza R, De Groot R, Braat L et al (2017) Twenty years of ecosystem services: how far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosyst Serv 28:1–16
Crossman ND, Burkhard B, Nedkov S et al (2013) A blueprint for mapping and modelling ecosystem services. Ecosyst Serv 4:4–14
Dasgupta R, Hashimoto S, Basu M et al (2021) Spatial characterization of non-material values across multiple coastal production landscapes in the Indian Sundarban delta. Sustain Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00899-3
Dhyani S, Dhyani D (2016) Significance of provisioning ecosystem services from moist temperate forest ecosystems: lessons from upper Kedarnath valley, Garhwal, India. Springer. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0008-9. Accessed 12 Sep 2019
Dhyani S, Dhyani D (2020) Local socio-economic dynamics shaping forest ecosystems in central Himalayas. In: Roy N, Roychoudhury S, Nautiyal S et al (eds) Socio-economic and eco-biological dimensions in resource use and conservation: strategies for sustainability. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 31–60
Dhyani S, Kadaverugu R, Dhyani D et al (2018) Predicting impacts of climate variability on habitats of Hippophaesalicifolia (D. Don) (Seabuckthorn) in Central Himalayas: future challenges. Eco Inform 48:135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.09.003
Dhyani S, Bartlett D, Kadaverugu R et al (2020a) Integrated climate sensitive restoration framework for transformative changes to sustainable land restoration. Restor Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13230
Dhyani S, Kadaverugu R, Pujari P (2020b) Predicting impacts of climate variability on Banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) forests: understanding future implications for Central Himalayas. Reg Environ Chang:20:113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01696-5
Dhyani S, Murthy IK, Kadaverugu R et al (2021) Agroforestry to achieve global climate adaptation and mitigation targets: are south Asian countries sufficiently prepared? Forests 12:303
DÃaz S, Settele J, BrondÃzio ES et al (2019) Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science 366(6471)
DÃaz-Varela RA, González-Ferreiro E (2021) 3D point clouds in forest remote sensing. Remote Sens 13:2999. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152999
Dillon WW, Lieurance D, Hiatt DT et al (2018) Native and invasive woody species differentially respond to forest edges and forest successional age. Forests 9:381. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070381
dos Santos Prestes NCC, Massi KG, Silva EA et al (2020) Fire effects on understory forest regeneration in Southern Amazonia. Front For Glob Change 3:10. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00010
Duarte E, Barrera JA, Dube F et al (2020) Monitoring approach for tropical coniferous forest degradation using remote sensing and field data. Remote Sens 12:2531. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162531
Dyderski MK, Jagodziński AM (2020) Impact of invasive tree species on natural regeneration species composition, diversity, and density. Forests 11:456
Eguiguren P, Fischer R, Günter S (2019) Degradation of ecosystem services and deforestation in landscapes with and without incentive-based forest conservation in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Forests 10:442. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10050442
Ekins P (2003) Identifying critical natural capital conclusions about critical natural capital. Ecol Econ 44:277–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00278-1
Estavillo C, Pardini R, Rocha PLB da (2013) Forest loss and the biodiversity threshold: an evaluation considering species habitat requirements and the use of matrix habitats. PLoS One 8:e82369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082369
FAO (2020a) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: global forest resources assessment 2020. Terms and Definition FRA
FAO (2020b) Global forest resources assessment 2020: main report, Rome
Ferster CJ, Trofymow J, Coops NC et al (2015) Comparison of carbon-stock changes, eddy-covariance carbon fluxes and model estimates in coastal Douglas-fir stands in British Columbia. Forest Ecosyst 2:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-015-0038-3
Fischer R (2021) The long-term consequences of forest fires on the carbon fluxes of a tropical forest in Africa. Appl Sci 11:4696. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104696
Fitzherbert EB, Struebig MJ, Morel A et al (2008) How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends Ecol Evol 23:538–545
Folke C, Carpenter S, Walker B et al (2004) Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:557–581
Fritz-Vietta NVM (2016) What can forest values tell us about human well-being? Insights from two biosphere reserves in Madagascar. Landsc Urban Plan 147:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.006
Frolking S, Palace MW, Clark DB et al (2009) Forest disturbance and recovery: a general review in the context of spaceborne remote sensing of impacts on aboveground biomass and canopy structure. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 114. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000911
Gardner TA, Barlow J, Sodhi NS, Peres CA (2010) A multi-region assessment of tropical forest biodiversity in a human-modified world. Biol Conserv 143:2293–2300
Gigović L, Pourghasemi HR, Drobnjak S, Bai S (2019) Testing a new ensemble model based on SVM and random forest in forest fire susceptibility assessment and its mapping in Serbia’s Tara National Park. Forests 10:408. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10050408
Goldewijk KK, Ramankutty N (2010) Land use changes during the past 300 years. Land Use, Land Cover and Soil Sciences. 1
Gordon LJ, Finlayson CM, Falkenmark M (2010) Managing water in agriculture for food production and other ecosystem services. Agric Water Manag 97:512–519
Griscom BW, Adams J, Ellis PW et al (2017) Natural climate solutions. PNAS 114:11645–11650. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114
Guimarães N, Pádua L, Marques P et al (2020) Forestry remote sensing from unmanned aerial vehicles: a review focusing on the data. Process Potential Remote Sens 12:1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12061046
Halofsky JE, Peterson DL, Harvey BJ (2020) Changing wildfire, changing forests: the effects of climate change on fire regimes and vegetation in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fire Ecol 16:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0062-8
Hansen AJ, Neilson RP, Dale VH et al (2001) Global change in forests: responses of species, communities, and biomes: interactions between climate change and land use are projected to cause large shifts in biodiversity. Bioscience 51:765–779. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0765:GCIFRO]2.0.CO;2
Hansen MC, Potapov PV, Moore R et al (2013) High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342:850–853. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693
Haq SM, Calixto ES, Kumar M (2020) Assessing biodiversity and productivity over a small-scale gradient in the protected forests of Indian Western Himalayas. J Sustain For:1–20
Haq SM, Yaqoob U, Calixto ES et al (2021) Long-term impact of transhumance pastoralism and associated disturbances in high-altitude forests of Indian Western Himalaya. Sustainability 13:12497
Hassan Z, Shabbir R, Ahmad SS et al (2016) Dynamics of land use and land cover change (LULCC) using geospatial techniques: a case study of Islamabad Pakistan. Springerplus 5:812. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2414-z
Hejda M, PyÅ¡ek P, JaroÅ¡Ãk V (2009) Impact of invasive plants on the species richness, diversity and composition of invaded communities. J Ecol 97:393–403
Hill R, DÃaz S, Pascual U et al (2021) Nature’s contributions to people: weaving plural perspectives. One Earth 4:910–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.06.009
Hillman S, Wallace L, Reinke K et al (2019) A method for validating the structural completeness of understory vegetation models captured with 3D remote sensing. Remote Sens 11:2118. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182118
Hosonuma N, Herold M, Sy VD et al (2012) An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environ Res Lett 7:044009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009
Hu Y, Batunacun ZL, Zhuang D (2019) Assessment of land-use and land-cover change in Guangxi. China Sci Rep 9:2189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38487-w
Hughes AC (2017) Understanding the drivers of Southeast Asian biodiversity loss. Ecosphere 8:e01624. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1624
Hussin YA, Bijker W (2000) Inventory of remote sensing applications in forestry for sustainable managment. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci - ISPRS Arch 33:575–579
Ibáñez I, Acharya K, Juno E et al (2019) Forest resilience under global environmental change: do we have the information we need? A systematic review. PLOS One 14:e0222207. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222207
Islam M, Managi S (2021) Valuation of nature’s contribution in Ladakh, India: an inclusive wealth method. Sustain Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-01030-w
IUCN (2012) IUCN habitats classification scheme. IUCN:1–13
John E, Bunting P, Hardy A et al (2020) Modelling the impact of climate change on Tanzanian forests. Divers Distrib 26:1663–1686. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13152
Johnstone JF, Allen CD, Franklin JF et al (2016) Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience. Front Ecol Environ 14:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1311
Joshi S, Garg JK, Kaur A, Kumar M (2021) Assessment of wildfire landslide risk using spatial analytics and deep learning techniques for Rudraprayag Forest Division, Uttarakhand. Indian Forester 147:824–833
Juárez-Orozco SM, Siebe C, Fernández Y, Fernández D (2017) Causes and effects of forest fires in tropical rainforests: a bibliometric approach. Trop Conserv Sci 10:1940082917737207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917737207
Kadaverugu R, Dhyani S, Dasgupta R et al (2021) Multiple values of Bhitarkanika mangroves for human well-being: synthesis of contemporary scientific knowledge for mainstreaming ecosystem services in policy planning. J Coast Conserv 25:32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-021-00819-2
Kadykalo AN, López-Rodriguez MD, Ainscough J et al (2019) Disentangling ‘ecosystem services’ and ‘nature’s contributions to people’. Ecosyst People 15:269–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2019.1669713
Kalra N, Kumar M (2018) Simulating the impact of climate change and its variability on agriculture. In: Sheraz Mahdi S (ed) Climate change and agriculture in India: impact and adaptation. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 21–28
Keenan RJ, Reams GA, Achard F et al (2015) Dynamics of global forest area: results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. For Ecol Manag 352:9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014
Keith DA, Ferrer-paris JR, Nicholson E, Kingsford RT (2020) IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0: descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups
Kenter JO (2018) IPBES: don’t throw out the baby whilst keeping the bathwater; Put people’s values central, not nature’s contributions. Ecosyst Serv 33:40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.08.002
Kirilenko AP, Sedjo RA (2007) Climate change impacts on forestry. PNAS 104:19697–19702. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701424104
Kotiaho JS, Halme P (2018) The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration
Kumagai J, Wakamatsu M, Hashimoto S et al (2021) Natural capital for nature’s contributions to people: the case of Japan. Sustain Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00891-x
Kumar M, Rawat SPS, Singh H et al (2018) Dynamic forest vegetation models for predicting impacts of climate change on forests: an Indian perspective. Indian J For 41:1–12
Kumar M, Singh MP, Singh H et al (2019a) Forest working plan for the sustainable management of forest and biodiversity in India. J Sustain For 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2019.1632212
Kumar M, Savita SH et al (2019b) Assessing vulnerability of forest ecosystem in the Indian Western Himalayan region using trends of net primary productivity. Biodivers Conserv 28:2163–2182
Kumar M, Padalia H, Nandy S, Singh H, Khaiter P, Kalra N (2019c) Does spatial heterogeneity of landscape explain the process of plant invasion? A case study of Hyptissuaveolens from Indian Western Himalaya. Environ Monit Assess 191:794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7682-y
Kumar M, Kalra N, Khaiter P, Ravindranath NH, Singh V, Singh H, Sharma S, Rahnamayan S (2019d) PhenoPine: a simulation model to trace the phenological changes in Pinus roxhburghii in response to ambient temperature rise. Ecol Model 404:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.05.003
Kumar M, Kalra N, Ravindranath NH (2020a) Assessing the response of forests to environmental variables using a dynamic global vegetation model: an Indian perspective. Curr Sci 118:700–701
Kumar M, Savita, Kushwaha SPS (2020b) Managing the forest fringes of India: a national perspective for meeting the sustainable development goals. In: Sustainability perspectives: science, policy and practice, strategies for sustainability. Springer Nature, Switzerland, p 331
Kumar M, Phukon SN, Singh H (2021a) The role of communities in sustainable land and forest management. In: Forest resources resilience and conflicts. Elsevier, pp 305–318
Kumar M, Kalra N, Singh H, Sharma S, Rawat PS, Singh RK, Gupta AK, Kumar P, Ravindranath NH (2021b) Indicator-based vulnerability assessment of forest ecosystem in the Indian Western Himalayas: an analytical hierarchy process integrated approach. Ecol Indic 125:107568
Kumar M, Phukon AN, Paygude AC, Tyagi K, Singh H (2021c) Mapping Phenological Functional Types (PhFT) in the Indian Eastern Himalayas using machine learning algorithm in Google Earth Engine. Comput Geosci 158:104982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104982
Kuuluvainen T, Gauthier S (2018) Young and old forest in the boreal: critical stages of ecosystem dynamics and management under global change. Forest Ecosyst 5:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0142-2
Langmaier M, Lapin K (2020) A systematic review of the impact of invasive alien plants on forest regeneration in European Temperate Forests. Front Plant Sci 11:1349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.524969
Lanly JP (1985) Defining and measuring shifting cultivation. Unasylva (FAO)
Lawler JJ, Lewis DJ, Nelson E et al (2014) Projected land-use change impacts on ecosystem services in the United States. PNAS 111:7492–7497. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405557111
Lechner AM, Foody GM, Boyd DS (2020) Applications in remote sensing to forest ecology and management. One Earth 2:405–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.05.001
Li BV, Jiang B (2021) Responses of forest structure, functions, and biodiversity to livestock disturbances: a global meta-analysis. Glob Chang Biol 27:4745–4757. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15781
Lindenmayer DB, Sato C (2018) Hidden collapse is driven by fire and logging in a socioecological forest ecosystem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:5181–5186. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721738115
Lindenmayer D, Messier C, Sato C (2016) Avoiding ecosystem collapse in managed forest ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 14:561–568. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1434
Löf M, Madsen P, Metslaid M et al (2019) Restoring forests: regeneration and ecosystem function for the future. New For 50:139–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-019-09713-0
Lund G (2014) What is a forest? Definitions do make a difference an example from Turkey. AvrasyaTeri̇ Dergi̇si̇:2:1-8–8
Mackey B, Skinner E, Norman P (2021) A review of definitions, data, and methods for country-level assessment and reporting of primary forest. A Discussion Paper for the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, pp 1–26
Malhi RKM, Anand A, Srivastava PK et al (2021) Synergistic evaluation of Sentinel 1 and 2 for biomass estimation in a tropical forest of India. Adv Sp Res
Managi S, Islam M, Saito O et al (2019) Valuation of nature and nature’s contributions to people. Sustain Sci 14:1463–1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00732-6
MartÃnez-Jauregui M, Soliño M, MartÃnez-Fernández J, Touza J (2018) Managing the early warning systems of invasive species of plants, birds, and mammals in natural and planted pine forests. Forests 9:170. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9040170
Masayi NN, Omondi P, Tsingalia M (2021) Assessment of land use and land cover changes in Kenya’s Mt. Elgon forest ecosystem. Afr J Ecol 59:988–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12886
McNicol IM, Ryan CM, Mitchard ETA (2018) Carbon losses from deforestation and widespread degradation offset by extensive growth in African woodlands. Nat Commun 9:3045. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05386-z
McRoberts RE, Tomppo EO, Næsset E (2010) Advances and emerging issues in national forest inventories. Scand J For Res 25:368–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2010.496739
MEA (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being. Island Press, Washington, DC
Mekonnen Z, Berie HT, Woldeamanuel T et al (2018) Land use and land cover changes and the link to land degradation in Arsi Negele district, Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. CIFOR. https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/publication/7030/. Accessed 21 Dec 2021
Meyfroidt P, Lambin EF (2011) Global forest transition: prospects for an end to deforestation. Annu Rev Environ Resour 36:343–371. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-090710-143732
Mirtl M, Borer E, Djukic I et al (2018) Genesis, goals and achievements of Long-Term Ecological Research at the global scale: a critical review of ILTER and future directions. Sci Total Environ 626:1439–1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.001
Mitchell AL, Rosenqvist A, Mora B (2017) Current remote sensing approaches to monitoring forest degradation in support of countries measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems for REDD+. Carbon Balance Manag 12:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-017-0078-9
Mohan JE, Melillo JM, Clark JS, Schlesinger WH (2012) Climate change impacts on forest succession and future productivity. 2012:B52A-06
Mohanta MR, Suresh HS, Sahu SC (2020) A review on plant phenology study in different forest types of India. Indian For 146:1137–1148
Molina T, Abadal E (2021) The evolution of communicating the uncertainty of climate change to policymakers: a study of IPCC Synthesis Reports. Sustainability 13:2466
Morand S, Lajaunie C (2021) Biodiversity and COVID-19: a report and a long road ahead to avoid another pandemic. One Earth 4:920–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.06.007
Muys B (2021) Forest ecosystem services. Life L 386–395
Nemec KT, Raudsepp-Hearne C (2013) The use of geographic information systems to map and assess ecosystem services. Biodivers Conserv 22:1–15
Ninan KN, Inoue M (2013) Valuing forest ecosystem services: what we know and what we don’t. Ecol Econ 93:137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.05.005
North BMP, Stephens SL, Collins BM et al (2015) Reform forest fire management. Science 349(6254):1280–1281
Oliver CD, Larson BC (1996) Forest stand dynamics: updated edition. Wiley
Olokeogun OS, Kumar M (2020) An indicator-based approach for assessing the vulnerability of riparian ecosystem under the influence of urbanization in the Indian Himalayan city, Dehradun. Ecol Indic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106796
Osland MJ, Feher LC, Anderson GH et al (2020) A tropical cyclone-induced ecological regime shift: mangrove forest conversion to mudflat in Everglades National Park (Florida, USA). Wetlands 40:1445–1458
Pan Y, McCullough K, Hollinger DY (2018) Forest biodiversity, relationships to structural and functional attributes, and stability in New England forests. Forest Ecosyst 5:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0132-4
Pearson TRH, Brown S, Murray L, Sidman G (2017) Greenhouse gas emissions from tropical forest degradation: an underestimated source. Carbon Balance Manag 12:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-017-0072-2
Peng C (2000) From static biogeographical model to dynamic global vegetation model: a global perspective on modelling vegetation dynamics. Ecol Model 135:33–54
Pereira HM, Reyers B, Watanabe M et al (2005) Condition and trends of ecosystem services and biodiversity. Island Press
Pöpperl F, Seidl R (2021) Effects of stand edges on the structure, functioning, and diversity of a temperate mountain forest landscape. Ecosphere 12:e03692. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3692
Quesada B, Arneth A, Robertson E, de Noblet-Ducoudré N (2018) Potential strong contribution of future anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change to the terrestrial carbon cycle. Environ Res Lett 13:064023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aac4c3
Rawat AS, Kalra N, Singh H, Kumar M (2020) Application of vegetation models in India for understanding the forest ecosystem processes. Indian For 146:99–100
Ritchie H, Roser M (2021) Forests and Deforestation. Our World in Data
Rodrigues LF, Cintra R, Castilho CV et al (2014) Influences of forest structure and landscape features on spatial variation in species composition in a palm community in central Amazonia. J Trop Ecol 30:565–578. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467414000431
Runyan CW, Stehm J (2020) Deforestation: drivers, implications, and policy responses. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. https://oxfordre.com/environmentalscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.001.0001/acrefore-9780199389414-e-669. Accessed 9 Dec 2021
Sandbrook C, Burgess ND (2015) Biodiversity and ecosystem services: not all positive
Sato CF, Lindenmayer DB (2018) Meeting the global ecosystem collapse challenge. Conserv Lett 11:e12348. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12348
Savita, Kumar M, Kushwaha SPS (2018) Forest resource dependence and ecological assessment of forest fringes in rainfed districts of India. Indian For 144:211–220
Schimel D, Schneider FD, JPL Carbon and Ecosystem Participants (2019) Flux towers in the sky: global ecology from space. New Phytol 224:570–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15934
Seddon N, Turner B, Berry P et al (2019) Grounding nature-based climate solutions in sound biodiversity science. Nature Clim Change 9:84–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0405-0
Seidl R, Thom D, Kautz M et al (2017) Forest disturbances under climate change. Nature Clim Change 7:395–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3303
Shackleton RT, Le Maitre DC, Pasiecznik NM, Richardson DM (2014) Prosopis: a global assessment of the biogeography, benefits, impacts and management of one of the world’s worst woody invasive plant taxa. AoB Plants 6
Shapiro AC, Bernhard KP, Zenobi S et al (2021) Proximate causes of forest degradation in the democratic Republic of the Congo vary in space and time. Front Conserv Sci 2:28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.690562
Shepherd E, Milner-Gulland EJ, Knight AT et al (2016) Status and trends in global ecosystem services and natural capital: assessing progress toward Aichi Biodiversity Target 14. Conserv Lett 9:429–437
Shimabukuro YE, Arai E, Duarte V et al (2019) Monitoring deforestation and forest degradation using multi-temporal fraction images derived from Landsat sensor data in the Brazilian Amazon. Int J Remote Sens 40:5475–5496. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1579943
Singh RK, Singh P, Drews M, Kumar P, Singh H, Gupta AK, Govil H, Kaur A, Kumar M (2021) A machine learning-based classification of LANDSAT images to map land use and land cover of India. Remote Sens Appl Society Environ 24:100624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100624
Soucy A, De Urioste-Stone S, Rahimzadeh-Bajgiran P et al (2021) Forestry professionals’ perceptions of climate change impacts on the forest industry in Maine, USA. J Sustain For 40:695–720. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2020.1803919
Stocker T (2014) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press
Strand J, Soares-Filho B, Costa MH et al (2018) Spatially explicit valuation of the Brazilian Amazon Forest’s Ecosystem Services. Nat Sustain 1:657–664. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0175-0
Syampungani S, Clendenning J, Gumbo D et al (2014) The impact of land use and cover change on above and below-ground carbon stocks of the miombo woodlands since the 1950s: a systematic review protocol. Environ Evid 3:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2382-3-25
Tesfaw AT, Pfaff A, Kroner REG et al (2018) Land-use and land-cover change shape the sustainability and impacts of protected areas. PNAS 115:2084–2089. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716462115
Tewabe D, Fentahun T (2020) Assessing land use and land cover change detection using remote sensing in the Lake Tana Basin, Northwest Ethiopia. Cogent Environ Sci 6:1778998. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2020.1778998
Trines E (2002) Expert Meeting on Harmonizing forest-related definitions for use by various stakeholders. Second Expert Meet Harmon for Defin Use by Var Stakeholders 22–25
UNEP (2009) Forest definition and extent. Vital For Graph:6–9
Vásquez-Grandón A, Donoso PJ, Gerding V (2018) Forest degradation: when is a forest degraded? Forests 9:726. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110726
Villa F, Ceroni M, Bagstad K et al (2009) ARIES (ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services): a new tool for ecosystem services assessment, planning, and valuation. BioEcon
Walker XJ, Baltzer JL, Bourgeau-Chavez L et al (2020) Patterns of ecosystem structure and wildfire carbon combustion across six ecoregions of the North American Boreal Forest. Front For Glob Change 3:87. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00087
Yan H, Zhan J, Zhang T (2011) Resilience of forest ecosystems and its influencing factors. Procedia Environ Sci 10:2201–2206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.345
Yu J, Berry P, Guillod BP, Hickler T (2021) Climate change impacts on the future of forests in Great Britain. Front Environ Sci 9:83. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.640530
Zhang D, Stenger A (2015) Value and valuation of forest ecosystem services. J Environ Econ Policy 4:129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2014.980852
Zhao Q, Wen Z, Chen S et al (2020) Quantifying land use/land cover and landscape pattern changes and impacts on ecosystem services. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010126
Acknowledgments
Author is grateful to Knowledge Resource Center (KRC) CSIR-NEERI for extending help for using software i-thenticate for avoiding any similarity and plagiarism in the text and the support is acknowledged. Authors also thank Ms. Jayshree Shukla for proofreading and Ms. Kavita Bramhanwade for formatting.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumar, M., Dhyani, S., Kalra, N. (2022). Protecting Forest Structure and Functions for Resilience and Sustainability Concerns in the Changing World. In: Kumar, M., Dhyani, S., Kalra, N. (eds) Forest Dynamics and Conservation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0071-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0071-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-0070-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-0071-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)