Abstract
In this chapter, we first place cognitive systems within the four orders of systems in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Then we discuss how cognitive linguistics can be approached within the SFL perspective, and differentiate between the knowledge-based approach and the meaning-based approach in studies on language and the brain. We also cover topics like Hopper and Traugott’s discussions on language, instantiation and individuation, conceptual metaphor and grammatical metaphor, and the corroboration between SFL and cognitive linguistics. Finally, Christian Matthiessen gives some advice to young scholars in this area for future research.
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Notes
- 1.
The conceptual-temporal map of cognitive science created by Anna Riedl gives a good sense of the macro nature of the enterprise: https://www.riedlanna.com/cognitivesciencemap.html.
- 2.
See e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QJilnXBcPc.
- 3.
- 4.
One example we have been involved with is The International Charter for Human Values in Healthcare Initiative. See: https://charterforcompassion.org/healthcare-partners/international-charter-for-human-values-in-healthcare-initiative.
- 5.
- 6.
This theoretical insight into the conditions for and nature of lexicogrammatical metaphor can be contrasted with Black’s (1962: 28) characterization: “To use a well-known distinction, “metaphor” must be classified as a term belonging to “semantics” and not to “syntax” — or to any physical inquiry about language.)” He adds “pragmatics” a few pages later; but the fundamental point is that metaphor depends on the stratification of the content plane into semantics and lexicogrammar, and exploits the realizational relationship between the two.
- 7.
I remember visiting George Lakoff in his office at UC Berkley and asking him about his opinions on SFL in the mid-1980s. I do not think he saw the connections there, but I do think that there are very interesting connections.
- 8.
They tried to get a book version of the report published, but formal linguistics had become so prominent in those days that publishers were not interested in text-based studies, so a number of studies like this one fell by the wayside and never got published. Huddleston (1971) did put together a book on his own that reflected some of the findings, but that report would have been an early example. The project clearly showed that it was important to have a way of understanding what happened in scientific English, and there was not really anything around. That was a real impetus for Michael Halliday’s work on grammatical metaphor.
- 9.
So we can add one more dimension to Fig. 6.6, giving it perspectival depth to represent the addition of the metafunctional distinction between the ideational and interpersonal modes of meaning.
- 10.
Some systemic functional scholars have suggested that there are also textual grammatical metaphors; but when we discussed such proposals, neither Michael Halliday nor I found these suggestions convincing. There was no “as if” aspect present in the cases cited as examples of textual grammatical metaphor. Metatheoretically, this would seem to be an interesting area: if there are ideational and interpersonal metaphors, why not textual ones? To address this issue, we have to go deeper into the nature of the metafunctions, and take into consideration the distinct nature of the textual one as an enabling metafunction (cf. Halliday 1978; Matthiessen 1992).
- 11.
Cf. Pike (2001), completed in the month before he died on 31 December 2000: “A second major change was the paradigm shift in linguistics from descriptive (or structural) linguistics to Chomskyan transformational linguistics. While this was good for anthropological linguistics — all linguistics is anthropological, by the way — it was unsettling for me personally because I came out of the Bloomfieldian descriptive linguistics school, and especially because the transformational revolution shoved my own tagmemics theory to the back-burner. A humbling experience for me, but not surprising when we think of Thomas Kuhn’s (1970) model.”.
- 12.
If you examine different disciplinary boundaries, you can see that the roles you can play vary considerably. In some boundary areas, you can go in as an amateur; but in others, you really need to develop expertise across the boundary areas. One of the reasons for the really phenomenal success in educational linguistics was this: professional teachers came from education and did a PhD in linguistics, so they really became bimetalingual. Similarly, in computational linguistics, John Bateman is bimetalingual in computer science and linguistics, but that has been relatively rare. In some areas, you can come in from linguistics being a bit of an amateur, although you will have to learn to dialogue with the experts across the border; but if you move into something like neuroscience, you really need to have the professional expertise there.
- 13.
One important example is the work by Linus Ng in his final year project in our department at PolyU. He compiled a corpus of Brexit debates leading up to the referendum and used LIWC (http://liwc.wpengine.com) try to identify possible lies. He produced a report entitled “‘Let’s deal with this big fat lie once and for all’: A linguistic analysis of inaccurate claims in four Brexit debates”, and he presented part of his results at ESFLC at the University of Salamanca.
- 14.
I realize that this may come across as provocative, and I don’t normally try to be provocative; but one way of getting a sense of what I’m suggesting is to contrast the task of describing a language that has not yet been described, at least not in anything approaching a comprehensive way based on text in context, with the task of describing a semiotic system other than language that has not yet been given adequate descriptive attention. The two are certainly not mutually exclusive; it makes sense to imagine future studies where linguists turn to the task of describing a “new” language and pay attention to accompanying semiotic systems in face-to-face interaction from the start.
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Matthiessen, C.M., Wang, B., Ma, Y., Mwinlaaru, I.N. (2022). Cognition in Systemic Functional Linguistics. In: Systemic Functional Insights on Language and Linguistics. The M.A.K. Halliday Library Functional Linguistics Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8713-6_6
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