Abstract
Blended learning as part of internet-based teaching has increasingly been used due to the covid-19 pandemic. Numerous studies have demonstrated how blended learning should be implemented in diverse contexts, including in the teaching of English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL). However, in the Indonesian higher education context, blended learning is considered a new approach. As this concept has been defined variously, many university teachers in Indonesia find it challenging to understand the concept and implement this approach. Addressing such an issue, this paper aims to provide an understanding of blended learning and how this pedagogical approach fits EFL teaching in the Indonesian higher education context. Qualitative secondary research and document review were conducted to explore the various definitions of blended learning and obtain an understanding of the approach. Studies on blended learning models or pedagogical strategies conducted in America, Europe, and Asia and the implications of those models in English language teaching are discussed. Furthermore, how culturally appropriate blended pedagogical practices/recommendations are for EFL teaching in Indonesia was also scrutinised to address the current research gap.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aji, R. H. S. (2020). Dampak covid-19 pada pendidikan di Indonesia: Sekolah, keterampilan, dan proses pembelajaran. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i, 7(5), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i5.15314
Alammary, A., Sheard, J., & Carbone, A. (2014). Blended learning in higher education: Three different design approaches. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 30(4), 440–454. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.693
Allen, I. E., Seaman, J., & Garrett, R. (2007). Blending in: The extent and promise of blended education in the United States. The Sloan Consortium. https://www.bayviewanalytics.com/reports/blending-in.pdf
Amri, T., Asrun, L., & Amef, A. (2019). Classroom action research in teaching English for senior high school students through blended learning in Kendari of Indonesia. Je-LKS: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, 15(1), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.20368/1971-8829/1579
Andrini, V. S., Matsun, & Maduretno, T. W. (2020). Implementation of webinars in blended learning models to improve motivation and learning outcomes of the study of human skeletal system. Periódico Tchê Química, 17(36), 402–414.
Arifa, F. N. (2020). Tantangan pelaksanaan kebijakan belajar dari rumah dalam masa darurat covid-19. Info Singkat, XIII(7), 13–18. https://berkas.dpr.go.id/puslit/files/info_singkat/Info%20Singkat-XII-7-I-P3DI-April-2020-1953.pdf
Banditvilai, C. (2016). Enhancing students’ language skills through blended learning. The Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 143(3), 220–229.
Bielousova, R. (2017). Developing materials for English for specific purposes online course within the blended learning concept. TEM Journal, 6(3), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM63-28
Bishop, J., & Verleger, M. A. (2013, June). The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. Paper presented at 2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--22585
Bonk, C. J., & Graham, C. R. (Eds.). (2006). The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. Wiley.
Buitrago, C. R., & Díaz, J. (2018). Flipping your writing lessons: Optimising time in your EFL writing classroom. In J. Mehring & A. Leis (Eds.), Innovations in flipping the language classroom: Theories and Practices (pp. 69–91). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6968-0
Busaya, S., & Saovapa, W. (2018). Flipping the classroom for English language learners: A study of learning performance and perceptions. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(9), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i09.7792
Chunyi, Z. (2018). Empirical study on the effectiveness of teaching model of college English writing within blended learning mode. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 18(5), 1060–1076. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.5.009
Circular letter of learning organisation in higher education, number 6 year 2020. (2020). Retrieved from http://dikti.kemdikbud.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/SE-6-Pembelajaran-Smt-Genap-20_21.pdf
Circular letter of learning organisation in vocational education, number 4 year 2020. (2020). Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/c3320860/Downloads/Nomor%204%20Tahun%202020%20Edit_final%20SE% 20COVID_DITJEN%20DIKSI%2001_DES_2020_rev_p%20Ses.pdf
Cirocki, A., Anam, S. u., & Retnaningdyah, P. (2019). Readiness for autonomy in English language learning: The case of Indonesian high school students. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 7(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.30466/ijltr.2019.120695
Cooney, M. H., Gupton, P., & O’Laughlin, M. (2000). Blurring the lines of play and work to create blended classroom learning experiences. Early Childhood Education Journal, 27(3), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02694230
Country comparison. (2021). Retrieved July 1, 2021, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/
Cronje, J. C. (2020). Towards a new definition of blended learning. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 18(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.34190/EJEL.20.18.2.001
Darojat, O. (2016). Improving curriculum through blended learning pedagogy. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 17(4), 203–218.
Fanguy, M., & Costley, J. (2021). Creating a framework for understanding and defining flipped learning. Journal of Educators Online, 18(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.9743/jeo.2021.18.1.2
Farooq, M. U., & Mahmood, M. T. (2014). Enhancement of English language programs of Allama Iqbal Open University through technology. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (1994–7046), 22(2), 43–72. http://jssh.aiou.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/03.pdf
Ferdig, R. E., & Kennedy, K. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of research on K-12 online and blended learning. ETC Press. https://doi.org/10.1184/R1/6686813
Ghufron, M. A., & Nurdianingsih, F. (2020). Flipped teaching with CALL media in EFL writing course: Indonesian EFL writing teachers’ reflection. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 28(S2), 1–18. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pertanika%20PAPERS/JSSH%20Vol.%2028%20(S2)%202020/01%20JSSH(S)-1243-2019.pdf
Gödek, Y. (2004). The importance of modelling in science education and in teacher education. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 26, 54–61.
González, L., & Álvarez I. A. (2007). Blended-learning in ESP: An insight in MOODLE. Linguax: Revista de lenguas aplicadas, 3–14. https://www.uax.es/publicaciones/linguax/idi001-07
Graham, C. R. (2006). Blended learning systems: Definition, current trends, and future directions. In C. J. Bonk & C. R. Graham (Eds.), The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs (pp. 3–21). Pfeiffer.
Graham, C. R., & Robison, R. (2007). Realising the transformational potential of blended learning: Comparing cases of transforming blends and enhancing blends in higher education. In A. G. Picciano & C. D. Dziuban (Eds.), Blended learning: Research perspectives (pp. 83–110). The Sloan Consortium.
Güzer, B., & Caner, H. (2014). The past, present and future of blended learning: An in depth analysis of literature. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 4596–4603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.992
Heinze, A., & Procter, C. (2004, September). Reflections on the use of blended learning. Education in a Changing Environment, University of Salford, UK. Retrieved from http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/1658/1/4247745025H__CP_-_paper9_5.pdf
Helms, S. A. (2014). Blended/hybrid courses: A review of the literature and recommendations for instructional designers and educators. Interactive Learning Environments, 22(6), 804–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2012.745420
Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organisations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hrastinski, S. (2019). What do we mean by blended learning? TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 63(5), 564–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00375-5
Hughes, N. C. (2008). Blended Learning in languages education: The case of Hispanic studies at Nottingham Trent University. International Journal of Learning, 15(9), 257–264. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/CGP/v15i09/45890
Husain, S. (2020). Kontribusi belajar jarak jauh mahasiswa tinggal di desa terpencil. Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal, 5(2), 103–110. https://ejurnal.pps.ung.ac.id/index.php/Aksara/article/view/212
Indonesian minister of education decree, number 107/U/2001. (2001). Retrieved from https://jdih.kemdikbud.go.id/arsip/kepmen_tahun2001_nomor107.pdf
Isakova, Y., Zubenko, K., Paziura, N., Olekhnovych, V., & Ostashchuk, V. (2020). A computer oriented model of blended learning of the English language. Кoмпьютepнo-opиeнтиpoвaннaя мoдeль cмeшaннoгo oбyчeния инocтpaннoмy языкy (3), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2020-3/122
Janković, A., & Spasić, D. (2014). Tackling blended learning at the department of English in Kosovska Mitrovica. Paper presented at Sinteza 2014—Impact of the Internet on Business Activities in Serbia and Worldwide. https://doi.org/10.15308/sinteza-2014-412-417
Jaques, D., & Salmon, G. (2006). Learning in groups: A handbook for face-to-face and online environments (4 ed.). Routledge.
Joy, S., & Kolb, D. A. (2009). Are there cultural differences in learning style? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.11.002
Joyce, B. R., & Weil, M. (1978). Information processing models of teaching: Expanding your teaching repertoire. Prentice-Hall.
Kadambaevna, R. K., Bekchanqizi, S., Muminboevna, R. L., Navfalqizi, D. Z., Amatchonovna, A. S., & Erkinovna, F. G. (2021). Implementing blended learning technology ‘flipped class’ on the basis of the platform ‘Ted-Ed’. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5), 443–446. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.46
Kleber, J. (2015). Differentiation through blended learning (cover story). Leadership, 44(3), 20–24.
Kraft, L., Chisega-Negrila, A.-M., & Tutuianu, D. (2013). “Carol I” national defense university’s experience in blearning for English language teaching-two case-studies. Conference Proceedings of eLearning and Software for Education (eLSE), Bucharest, 9(1), 362–367.
Kvashnina, O. S., & Martynko, E. A. (2016). Analysing the potential of flipped classroom in ESL teaching. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 11(3), 71–73. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v11i03.5309
Lactona, I. D., & Suryanto. (2021). Efficacy and knowledge of conducting CPR through online learning during the covid-19 pandemic: A literature review. Journal of Public Health Research, 10(2), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2208
Largan, C., & Morris, T. (2019). Qualitative secondary research: A step-by-step guide. SAGE.
Leis, A. (2018). Content-based language teaching and the flipped classroom: A case study in the Japanese EFL environment. In J. Mehring & A. Leis (Eds.), Innovations in flipping the language classroom (pp. 221–230). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6968-0
Lungu, I. (2013). The increasing need for blended-learning models in courses of English for specific courses in Romanian universities. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 76(5th International Conference EDU—WORLD 2012—Education Facing Temporary World), 470–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.148
Maharani, T. (2020, July 2). Mendikbud: Setelah pandemic covid-19, pembelajaran jarak jauh akan permanen. Kompas. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/07/02/14445511/mendikbud-setelah-pandemi-covid-19-pembelajaran-jarak-jauh-akan-permanen
McCarthy, M. (2016). The Cambridge guide to blended learning for language teaching (M. McCarthy Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Mehring, J. (2018). The flipped classroom. In J. Mehring & A. Leis (Eds.), Innovations in flipping the language classroom (pp. 1–9). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6968-0
Moskal, P., Dziuban, C., & Hartman, J. (2013). Blended learning: A dangerous idea? The Internet and Higher Education, 18, 15–23.
Motteram, G., & Sharma, P. (2009). Blending learning in a web 2.0 world. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 7(2), 83–96.
Muslem, A., Yusuf, Y. Q., & Juliana, R. (2018). Perceptions and Barriers to ICT use among English teachers in Indonesia. Teaching English with Technology, 18(1), 3–23. https://tewtjournal.org/issues/volume-18/issue-1/
Mustadi, A., Annisa, F. C., & Mursidi, A. P. (2021). Blended learning innovation of social media based active English during the covid-19 pandemic. Ilkogretim Online, 20(2), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.02.01
Nanclares, N. H., & Rodríguez, M. P. (2016). Students’ satisfaction with a blended instructional design: The potential of “flipped classroom” in higher education. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 1, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5334/jime.397
Norberg, A., Dziuban, C. D., & Moskal, P. D. (2011). A time-based blended learning model. On the Horizon, 19(3), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748121111163913
Nuraini, D. (2019). Curriculum change: Implementing the 2013 English curriculum in senior high schools in West Java province, Indonesia [Doctoral dissertation, University of Exeter]. Open Research Exeter. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/121330/NurainiD.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Oktavianto, D. A., Sumarmi, Utaya, S., & Taryana, D. (2021). Blended learning integrated fieldwork on fundamentals of geology learning during the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(7), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i07.21213
Oliver, M., & Trigwell, K. (2005). Can ‘blended learning’ be redeemed? E-Learning and Digital Media, 2(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2005.2.1.17
Paliwoda-Pękosz, G., & Stal, J. (2015). ICT in supporting content and language integrated learning: Experience from Poland. Information Technology for Development, 21(3), 403–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2014.1003521
Picciano, A. G. (2009). Blending with purpose: The multimodal model. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 13(1), 7–18.
Saichaie, K. (2020). Blended, flipped, and hybrid learning: Definitions, developments, and directions. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2020(164), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20428
Salisu, A., & Ransom, E. N. (2014). The role of modeling towards impacting quality education. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 32, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.32.54
Salmon, G., Nie, M., & Edirisingha, P. (2010). Developing a five-stage model of learning in second life. Educational Research, 52(2), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2010.482744
Sari, A. R., Bonk, C. J., & Zhu, M. (2020). MOOC instructor designs and challenges: What can be learned from existing MOOCs in Indonesia and Malaysia? Asia Pacific Education Review, 21(1), 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09618-9
Sharma, P. (2010). Blended learning. ELT Journal: English Language Teaching Journal, 64(4), 456–458. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccq043
Singleton, D. M. (2013). Transitioning to blended learning: The importance of communication and culture. Journal of Applied Learning Technology, 3(1), 12–15.
Sit, H. W., & Chen, S. (2019). Cultural environment for online Chinese as a second language teaching. In J. M. Zhao & Y. Q. Zheng (Eds.), Hanyu Zuowei Di-er Yuyan Jiaoxue De Jiaoxue Jishu Yanjiu (pp. 130–141). The Commercial Press.
Sit, H. W., & Guo, S. J. (2019). An Exploration of design principles to enhance students’ L2 acquisition in a flipped class. In A.W.-B. Tso (Ed.), Digital humanities and new ways of teaching (pp. 111–131). Springer Singapore.
Staker, H. (2011). The Rise of K-12 Blended Learning: Profiles of emerging models. Innosight Institute. https://www.christenseninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/The-rise-of-K-12-blended-learning.emerging-models.pdf
Staker, H., & Horn, M. B. (2012). Classifying K-12 blended learning. Innosight Institute. https://www.christenseninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Classifying-K-12-blended-learning.pdf
Sulistiyo, U. (2016). English language teaching and EFL teacher competence in Indonesia. Proceedings of ISELT FBS Universitas Negeri Padang, 4(2), 396–406. http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/selt/article/view/7001/5535
Sung, K. (2015). A case study on a flipped classroom in an EFL content course. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 18, 159–187. https://doi.org/10.15702/mall.2015.18.2.159
Tempelaar, D., Rienties, B., Giesbers, B., & van der Loeff, S. S. (2013). How cultural and learning style differences impact students’ learning preferences in blended learning. In E. Jean Francois (Ed.), Transcultural blended learning and teaching in postsecondary education (pp. 30–51). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2014-8.ch003
Turan, Z., & Akdag-Cimen, B. (2019). Flipped classroom in English language teaching: A systematic review. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(5–6), 590–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1584117
Valiathan, P. (2002). Blended learning models. Learning Circuits, 3(8), 50–59. https://www.purnima-valiathan.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Blended-Learning-Models-2002-ASTD.pdf
Wagner-Loera, D. (2018). Flipping the ESL/EFL classroom to reduce cognitive load: A new way of organising your classroom. In J. Mehring & A. Leis (Eds.), Innovations in flipping the language classroom (pp. 169–184). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6968-0
Wang, Y., Han, X., & Yang, J. (2015). Revisiting the blended learning literature: Using a complex adaptive systems framework. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 18(2), 380–393.
Whitelock, D., & Jelfs, A. (2003). Editorial: Journal of educational media special issue on blended learning. Journal of Educational Media, 28, 99–100.
Wuryaningsih, W., Susilastuti, D., Darwin, M., & Pierewan, A. (2019). Effects of web-based learning and F2F learning on teachers achievement in teacher training program in Indonesia. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 14(21), 123–147. https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jet/article/view/10736/6059
Yaroslavova, E. N., Kolegova, I. A., & Stavtseva, I. V. (2020). Flipped classroom blended learning model for the development of students’ foreign language communicative competence. Фopмиpoвaниe инoязычнoй кoммyникaтивнoй кoмпeтeнции cтyдeнтoв в paмкax cмeшaннoгo oбyчeния (мoдeль «пepeвepнyтый клacc»), 42(1), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.32744/pse.2020.1.29
Yu, Z. (2015). Blended learning over two decades. International Journal of Information & Communication Technology Education, 11(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.2015070101
Zen, Z. (2019). Inovasi Pendidikan Berbasis Teknologi Informasi: Menuju Pendidikan Masa Depan. E-Tech: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Pendidikan, 6(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24036/et.v2i2.101346
Zuhairi, A., Wahyono, E., & Suratinah, S. (2006). The historical context, current development, and future challenges of distance education in Indonesia. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 7(1), 95–101.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gayatri, P., Chen, S., Sit, H. (2022). A Review on Blended Learning for English Language Teaching in Indonesian Higher Education. In: Tso, A.W.B., Chan, A.Ck., Chan, W.W.L., Sidorko, P.E., Ma, W.W.K. (eds) Digital Communication and Learning. Educational Communications and Technology Yearbook. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8329-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8329-9_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-8328-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-8329-9
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)