Abstract
In China’s long history, historical writing can be traced back to as early as 843BCE. From then until today, Chinese historiography has generally witnessed four major changes of paradigms. Starting from the Han dynasty, historians were organized by various and consecutive imperial rulers to compile histories of the former dynasty. These official histories tended to be centered on the rise and fall of different empires with a focus on former emperors, officials, wars, and legal systems. Very little ink had been spilled on science, medicine, agriculture, and art. In the late Qing dynasty, new historiography from the West was introduced into China via Japan. The new historiography differed sharply from the traditional one as it shifted to groups of homogenous people and social and human evolution. In the 1930s, a new generation of Marxist historians arose with a clarion call of a historiography based on class theory and historical materialism. After the CCP took over mainland China, however, communist historians were increasingly compelled to write histories appealing to the political needs of the Party including tweaking and fabricating histories. Mao’s death and the end of the ultra-left era in 1976 helped loosen the political grip and historians were given more freedom in writing. Like their counterparts in the late Qing, many young historians were eager to deviate from the orthodox Marxist historiography and began embracing Western historiography and theories. More important, the latest paradigm of historiography markedly demonstrates a wide variety and interest in microhistories that have been either downplayed or dismissed by previous historians.
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Notes
- 1.
Guanghua University was founded partly by patriotic professors and students who were dissatisfied with the passive response from the elite St. John’s University in the 1925 incident in which a Chinese worker was killed by Japanese.
- 2.
In Analects, gentlemen for Confucius were the exemplar for his disciples who had good morality and deeds and loved to study, but gentlemen did not have to be noble or powerful people. In the Book of Songs, gentlemen were also men with good morality; also, in the first volume of his book, Sima Guang divided people into four categories and gentlemen were whose “virtue surpasses their capability” in contrast to small-minded men whose “capability surpasses their virtue.”
- 3.
Chinese government has invested millions of yuan to discover the Xia dynasty. Some scholars believe that Erlitou may be the site of Xia, but others remain suspicious of it. In March 2021, Sichuan discovered many artifacts buried 3000 years ago such as a gold stick and bronze tree that were similar to things found in ancient Egypt. Some scholar argue that earliest Chinese may have come from Egypt).
- 4.
Since 2012, the academics and universities in China have felt more limitations in their speaking, writing, and teaching. Many professors, journalists, or scholars have been detained and imprisoned due to their criticism of the CCP. For some recent reports see Javier C. Hernandez, “Professors, Beware. A ‘Student Information Officer’ Might be Watching” in The New York Times, November 1, 2019; Austin Ramzy, “Hong Kong Bookseller Confesses on TV to Evading Rules on Shipping to Mainland” in The New York Times, March 1, 2016; Benjamin Carlson, “7 Things You Can’t Talk about in China” in Global Post, June 3, 2013. https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-06-03/7-things-you-cant-talk-about-china (April 20, 2021).
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Fang, Q. (2022). The Shift of Paradigms in Writing Chinese History. In: Hua, S. (eds) Paradigm Shifts in Chinese Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8032-8_5
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