Abstract
Volcanoes are an extreme expression of the mostly invisible movements of the fragments of the earth’s crust connecting the interior of the earth to its exterior. Since eons, they have had a major impact on the exterior surface of the earth and its gaseous envelope modulating the earth’s surface and its atmosphere. Depending on the type, intensity, and location of an eruption, the impacts can be both short term and long term, mild to extreme. The intensity of a volcanic eruption represents its explosivity in terms of volume of material ejected, ejection height, and distance the volcanic cloud travels away from its origin, which can span a wide range of scales. The requirement of a logarithmic scale to classify an eruption itself indicates how extreme one volcano can be compared to another. Volcanic emissions encompass all the three states of matter with tephra in solid form, lava in liquid form, and several acidic gases. The volume of ejected material for a very large eruption can amount to several cubic miles as in case of Krakatau (1883). Strong eruption can be related to silica-rich magma leading to large viscosity enabling trapping of gases until pressure builds up high enough to cause explosive eruption. The atmospheric impacts of volcanic eruptions range from small particles and ash playing havoc with aviation to ozone-depleting gases to global cooling as a result of emitted sulfur gases. The most explosive volcanoes can easily reach over 20 km and can lead to several feet of ash even 150 km away from the eruption site. Relationships between volcanic events and ENSO are an active field of research. Severe volcanic eruptions like Mt. Pinatubo have had an impact in all the five major spheres of the earth including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and the anthroposphere. The potential severe consequences of volcanic eruptions demand greater awareness and investigation of these extreme events with extreme consequences.
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Yadav, R.K., Mahapatra, D., Mallik, C. (2022). Volcanic Emissions: Causes, Impacts, and Its Extremities. In: Saxena, P., Shukla, A., Gupta, A.K. (eds) Extremes in Atmospheric Processes and Phenomenon: Assessment, Impacts and Mitigation . Disaster Resilience and Green Growth. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7727-4_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7727-4_10
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