Abstract
DEX (Decision EXpert) is a hierarchical, qualitative, rule-based, multi-criteria decision modeling method. It combines multi criteria decision analysis with artificial intelligence and is particularly suited for sorting/classification decision problems. DEX puts special attention on the transparency, comprehensibility, consistency, and completeness of decision models, as well as on methods for the analysis, justification, and explanation of decisions. The approach relies on using software tools that actively support the decision maker in both the creation and utilization stages of the process. Since its inception in the 1980s, DEX has been successfully applied in hundreds of real-world decision projects in various areas, including economy, ecology, agronomy, medicine, and health care. In the last decade, there is an increasing trend of including DEX models in decision support systems. In this chapter, DEX is described from the theoretical and practical viewpoint and further explained in terms of motivation, history, software, applications, and method extensions. The presentation is supported by three examples: a didactic example of employee selection and two real-world industrial applications of choosing a raw-material location and assessing electric energy production technologies, respectively.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Actually, DEX implementations distinguish between increasing, decreasing and unordered scales. Here, we simplify the definition without loss of generality.
Abbreviations
- \(\mathcal{A}=\{{A}_{1},{A}_{2},\dots ,{A}_{q}\}\) :
-
Alternatives
- \({A}_{i}\in \mathcal{A}, {A}_{i}=\{{a}_{x,i }\in {E}_{x}, \forall x\in X\}\) :
-
An alternative
- \({a}_{x,i}\in {A}_{i}\) :
-
Value of \({A}_{i}\) assigned to attribute \(x\)
- \({B}_{x}\subset {D}_{x}\) :
-
Subset of bad values of attribute \(x\)
- \({C}_{y}={\prod }_{x\in S(y)}{D}_{x}\) :
-
Domain of \({f}_{y}\)
- \({D}_{x}\) :
-
Value scale of attribute \(x\)
- \({E}_{x}\) :
-
Range of values that can be assigned to attribute \(x\)
- \({E}_{y}\) :
-
Range of \({f}_{y}\)
- \(e=(\mathbf{x},y)\in {T}_{y}\) :
-
Elementary decision rule, an entry in \({T}_{y}\)
- \(F\) :
-
Set of aggregation functions of a DEX model
- \({\mathcal{F}}_{y}\) :
-
Fuzzy distributions over \({D}_{y}\)
- \({f}_{y}: {C}_{y}\to {E}_{y}\) :
-
Aggregation function associated with attribute \(y\)
- \({g}_{y}\) :
-
An approximation of \({f}_{y}\)
- \({G}_{x}\subset {D}_{x}\) :
-
Subset of good values of attribute \(x\)
- \({I}_{i}\subset {A}_{i}\) :
-
Subset of values of \({A}_{i}\), assigned to input attributes
- \({I}_{y}\) :
-
Set of intervals over \({D}_{y}\)
- \({m}_{x}=|{D}_{x}|\) :
-
Number of categories of scale \({D}_{x}\)
- \(M=(X,D,S,F)\) :
-
A DEX model
- \({N}_{x}\subset {D}_{x}\) :
-
Subset of neutral values of attribute \(x\)
- \({O}_{i}\subset {A}_{i}\) :
-
Subset of values of \({A}_{i}\), assigned to output (aggregate) attributes
- \({\mathrm{ord}(v}_{x,i})=i\) :
-
Ordinal value of \({v}_{x,i}\)
- \(P(x)\) :
-
Set of parents of attribute \(x\)
- \({\mathcal{P}}_{y}\) :
-
Probability distributions over \({D}_{y}\)
- \({r}_{y}=|{C}_{y}|\) :
-
Size of \({C}_{y}\) and the corresponding \({T}_{y}\)
- \(S:X\to {2}^{x}\) :
-
Descendant function
- \(S(x)\) :
-
Set of descendants of attribute \(x\)
- \({\mathcal{S}}_{y}\) :
-
The power set of \({D}_{y}\)
- \({T}_{y}=\{(\mathbf{x},y), \mathbf{x}\in {C}_{y},y\in {E}_{y}\}\) :
-
Decision table associated with attribute \(y\)
- \({v}_{x,i}\in {D}_{x}\) :
-
\(i\)-th qualitative value (category) of attribute \(x\)
- \({v}_{x,i}{\preccurlyeq v}_{x,j}\) :
-
Weak preference relation
- \(w, {w}_{i}\in \mathcal{R}\) :
-
Relative weight (importance) of an attribute
- \(x, {x}_{i},y\in X\) :
-
An attribute
- \(X=\left\{{x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots ,{x}_{n}\right\}\) :
-
Set of attributes
- \(\omega \in [-0.5, +0.5]\) :
-
An offset to qualitative value \(v\)
- 3D:
-
Three-dimensional
- AHP:
-
Analytic Hierarchy Process, an MCDM method
- AQ:
-
Algorithm Quasi-optimal, a machine rule learning algorithm
- CDPC:
-
Consistency-Driven Pairwise Comparisons, an MCDM method
- DECMAK:
-
DECision MAKing, an early predecessor of DEX
- DEX:
-
Decision EXpert, a qualitative MCDM method
- DEXi:
-
Software implementing the DEX method
- DRSA:
-
Dominance-based Rough Set Analysis, an MCDM approach
- DSS:
-
Decision Support System
- ELECTRE:
-
ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELimination Et Choice Translating REality), a family of MCDM methods
- HINT:
-
Hierarchical INduction Tool, a machine-learning method for developing DEX models from data
- MACBETH:
-
Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique, an MCDM method
- MCDM:
-
Multi-Criteria Decision Modeling
- MCHP:
-
Multi-Criteria Hierarchy Process, a hierarchical MCDM approach
- QQ:
-
Qualitative-Quantitative, an approach to ranking of alternatives using a DEX model
References
Alić, I., Siering, M., Bohanec, M.: Hot stock or not? A qualitative multi-attribute model to detect financial market manipulation. In: Wigland, D.L. (Ed.) eInnovation: Challenges and Impacts for Individuals, Organizations and Society, Proceedings of 26th Bled eConference Bled, Slovenia, Kranj: Moderna organizacija, 64–77 (2013)
Bana e Costa, C., De Corte, J.-M., Vansnick, J.-C.: MACBETH (Overview of MACBETH multicriteria decision analysis approach). Int. J. Inf. Technol. Decis. Mak. 11, 359–387 (2003)
Belton, V., Stewart, T.J.: Multi Criteria Decision Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Springer, US (2002)
Bergez, J.-E.: Using a genetic algorithm to define worst-best and best-worst options of a DEXi-type model: Application to the MASC model of cropping-system sustainability. Comput. Electron. Agric. 90, 93–98 (2013)
Bohanec, M., Bratko, I., Rajkovič, V. (1983): An expert system for decision making. In: Sol, H.G. (Ed.) Processes and Tools for Decision Support, pp. 235–248, North-Holland.
Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V. (1988): Knowledge acquisition and explanation for multi-attribute decision making. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop Expert Systems and Their Applications AVIGNON 88, vol. 1, pp. 59–78, Avignon, 1988 (also available from http://kt.ijs.si/MarkoBohanec/pub/Avignon88.pdf)
Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V.: DEX: an expert system shell for decision support. Sistemica 1(1), 145–157 (1990)
Bohanec, M., Urh, B., Rajkovič, V.: Evaluating options by combined qualitative and quantitative methods. Acta Physiol. (Oxf) 80, 67–89 (1992)
Bohanec, M., Kontić, B., Kos, D., Marušič, J., Polič, S., Rakovec, J., Sedej, B., et al. (1993): Comparison of clay-pit locations Okroglica, Bukovnik, Marjetnica with respect to environmental protection (in Slovene language). Ljubljana: Jožef Stefan Institute, Report DP-6742.
Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V., Semolič, B., Pogačnik, A.: Knowledge-based portfolio analysis for project evaluation. Inf. Manag. 28, 293–302 (1995)
Bohanec, M., Cestnik, B., Rajkovič, V.: Evaluation models for housing loan allocation in the context of floats. In: Berkeley, D., Widmeyer, G.R., Brezillon, P., Rajkovič, V. (eds.) Context Sensitive Decision Support Systems, pp. 174–189. Chapman & Hall, London (1998)
Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V.: Multi-attribute decision modeling: industrial applications of DEX. Informatica 23, 487–491 (1999)
Bohanec, M., Zupan, B., Rajkovič, V.: Applications of qualitative multi-attribute decision models in health care. Int. J. Med. Inf. 58–59, 191–205 (2000)
Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V., Leskošek, B., Kapus, V.: Expert knowledge management for sports talent identification and advising process. In: Carlsson, S.A., Brezillon, P., Humphreys, P., Lundberg, B.G., McCosh, A.M., Rajkovič, V. (eds.) Decision Support through Knowledge Management, pp. 46–59 (2000)
Bohanec, M., Zupan, B.: (2004): A function-decomposition method for development of hierarchical multi-attribute decision models. Decis. Support Syst. 36, 215–233 (2004)
Bohanec, M., Messéan, A., Angevin, F., Žnidaršič, M.: SMAC advisor: a decision-support tool on coexistence of genetically-modified and conventional maize. In: Proceedings of Information Society IS 2006, Ljubljana, 9–12 (2006)
Bohanec, M., Cortet, J., Griffiths, B., Žnidaršič, M., Debeljak, M., Caul, S., Thompson, J., Krogh, P.H.: A qualitative multi-attribute model for assessing the impact of cropping systems on soil quality. Pedobiologia 51, 239–250 (2007)
Bohanec, M., Messéan, A., Scatasta, S., Angevin, F., Griffiths, B., Krogh, P.H.: A qualitative multi-attribute model for economic and ecological assessment of genetically modified crops. Ecol. Model. 215, 247–261 (2008)
Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V., Bratko, I., Zupan, B., Žnidaršič, M.: DEX methodology: three decades of qualitative multi-attribute modelling. Informatica 37, 49–54 (2013)
Bohanec, M., Aprile, G., Costante, M., Foti, M., Trdin, N.: A hierarchical multi-attribute model for bank reputational risk assessment. In: Phillips-Wren, G., Carlsson, S., Respício, A., Brézillon, P. (eds.) DSS 2.0 -- Supporting Decision Making with New Technologies. Amsterdam: IOS Press. ISBN 978–1–61499–398–8, 92–103 (2014).
Bohanec, M., Delibašić, B.: Data-mining and expert models for predicting injury risk in ski resorts. In: Decision Support Systems V - Big Data Analytics for Decision Making. First International Conference ICDSST 2015, pp. 46–60. Springer (2015)
Bohanec, M.: Multi-criteria DEX models (2017): an overview and analysis. In: Zadnik Stirn, L., et al. (eds.) SOR-2017: 14th International Symposium on Operational Research in Slovenia, Bled, Slovenia, September 27–29, 2017, pp. 155–160. Slovenian Society Informatika, Section for Operational Research, Ljubljana
Bohanec, M., Trdin, N., Kontić, B.: A qualitative multi-criteria modelling approach to the assessment of electric energy production technologies in Slovenia. CEJOR 25, 611–625 (2017)
Bohanec, M., Mileva Boshkoska, B., Prins, T.W., Kok, E.J.: SIGMO: a decision support system for identification of genetically modified food or feed products. Food Control 71, 168–177 (2017)
Bohanec, M., Tartarisco, G., Marino, F., Pioggia, G., Puddu, P.E., Schiariti, M.S., Baert, A., Pardaens, S., Clays, E., Vodopija, A., Luštrek, M.: HeartMan DSS: A decision support system for self-management of congestive heart failure. Expert Syst. Appl. 186, 115688 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115688
Bohanec, M., Miljković, D., Valmarska, A., Mileva Boshkoska, B., Gasparoli, E., Gentile, G., Koutsikos, K., Marcante, A., Antonini, A., Gatsios, D., Rigas, F., Fotiadis, D.I., Tsiouris, K.M., Konitsiotis, S.: A decision support system for Parkinson disease management: Expert models for suggesting medication change. J. Decis. Syst. 27, 164–172 (2018)
Bohanec, M.: DEXi: program for multi-attribute decision making, user's manual, version 5.04. IJS Report DP-13100, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana (available from http://kt.ijs.si/MarkoBohanec/pub/DEXiManual504.pdf) (2020)
Brelih, M., Rajkovič, U., Ružič, T., Rodič, B., Kozelj, D.: Modelling decision knowledge for the evaluation of water management investment projects. CEJOR 27, 759–781 (2019)
Carpani, M., Bergez, J.-E., Monod, H.: Sensitivity analysis of a hierarchical qualitative model for sustainability assessment of cropping systems. Environ. Model. Softw. 27–28, 15–22 (2012)
Chandra, V.: Artifical intelligence and machine learning. PHI Learning (2014)
Chen, S., Liu, J., Wang, H., Xu, Y., Augusto, J.C.: A linguistic multi-criteria decision making approach based on logical reasoning. Inf. Sci. 258, 266–276 (2014)
Chopin, P., Tiroilien, J., Blazy, J.-M.: Ex-ante sustainability assessment of cleaner banana production systems. J. Clean. Prod. 139, 15–24 (2016)
Colomb, B., Carof, M., Aveline, A., Bergez, J.-E.: Stockless organic farming: strengths and weaknesses evidenced by a multicriteria sustainability assessment model. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 33, 593–608 (2012)
Corrente, S., Greco, S., Słowiński, R.: Multiple criteria hierarchy process in robust ordinal regression. Decis. Support Syst. 53(3), 660–674 (2012)
Craheix, D., Bergez, J.-E., Angevin, F., Bockstaller, C., Bohanec, M., Colomb, B., Doré, T., Fortino, G., Guichard, L., Pelzer, E., Méssean, A., Reau, R., Sadok, W.: Guidelines to design models assessing agricultural sustainability, based upon feedbacks from the DEXi decision support system. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 35, 1431–1447 (2015)
Craheix, D., Angevin, F., Doré, T., de Tourdonnet, S.: Using a multicriteria assessment model to evaluate the sustainability of conservation agriculture at the cropping system level in France. Eur. J. Agron. 767, 75–86 (2016)
Debeljak, M., Trajanov, A., Kuzmanovski, V., Schröder, J., Sandén, T., Spiegel, H., Wall, D.P., Van de Broek, M., Rutgers, M., Bampa, F., Creamer, R.E., Henriksen, C.B.: A field-scale decision support system for assessment and management of soil functions. Front. Environ. Sci. 7(115), 1–14 (2019)
Deguine, J.-P., Robin, M.-H., Corrales, D.C., Vedy-Zecchini, M.-A., Doizy, A., Chiroleu, F., Quesnel, G., Païtard, I., Bohanec, M., Aubertot, J.-N.: Qualitative modeling of fruit fly injuries on chayote in Réunion : development and transfer to users. Crop Prot. 129 (2021). ISSN: 105367-1-105367–11
Doumpos, M., Zopounidis, C.: Multicriteria Decision Aid Classification Methods. Springer, US (2002)
Efstathiou, J., Rajkovič, V.: Multiattribute decisionmaking using a fuzzy heuristic approach. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-9, 326–333 (1979)
Erdogan, G., Refsdal, A., Nygård, B., Petter Rosland, O., Kvam Randeberg, B.: Risk-based decision support model for offshore installations. Bus. Syst. Res. 9(2), 55–68 (2018)
García-Lapresta, J.L., del Pozo, R.G.: An ordinal multi-criteria decision-making procedure under imprecise linguistic assessments. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 279(1), 159–167 (2019)
Greco, S., Matarazzo, B., Słowiński, R.: Rough sets methodology for sorting problems in presence of multiple attributes and criteria. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 138(2), 247–259 (2002)
Greco, S., Matarazzo, B., Słowiński, R.: Dominance-based rough set approach to decision under uncertainty and time preference. Ann. Oper. Res. 176(1), 41–75 (2010)
Greco, S., Ehrgott, M., Figueira, J.: Multi Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the art Surveys. Springer, New York (2016)
Hajnić, M., Mileva Boshkoska, B.: A decision support model for the operational management of employee redeployment in large governmental organisations. J. Decis. Syst. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2020.1768681
Hawes, C., Young, M.W., Banks, G., Begg, G.S., Christie, A., Iannetta, P.P.M., Karley, A.J., Squire, G.R.: Whole-systems analysis of environmental and economic sustainability in arable cropping systems: a case study. Agronomy 9, 438 (2019)
Iocola, I., Campanelli, G., Diacono, M., Leteo, F., Montemurro, F., Persiani, A., Canali, S.: Sustainability assessment of organic vegetable production using a qualitative multi-attribute model. Sustainability 10(10), 3820 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103820
Ishizaka, A., Nemery, P.: Multi-criteria Decision Analysis: Methods and Software. Wiley, Chichester (2013)
Jackson, P.: Introduction to Expert Systems, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley (1990)
Kikaj, A., Bohanec, M.: Complex decision rules in DEX methodology: jRule algorithm and performance analysis. In: Proceedings of the 21th International Conference Information Society IS 2018, Volume A, Ljubljana: Jožef Stefan Institute, 17–20 (2018)
Kikaj, A., Bohanec, M.: DEX2Web—A web-based software implementing the multiple-criteria decision-making method DEX. In: Jayawickrama, U., Delias, P., Escobar, M.T., Papathanasiou, J. (eds.) Decision Support Systems XI: Decision Support Systems, Analytics and Technologies in Response to Global Crisis Management, pp. 30–43 (2021). https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/dex2web-a-web-based-software-implementing-the-multiple-criteria-/19166702
Kotsiantis, S.B., Zaharakis, I.D., Pintelas, P.E.: Machine learning: a review of classification and combining techniques. Artif. Intell. Rev. 26, 159–190 (2007)
Maksimović, A., Grgić, Z., Puška, A., Šakić Bobić, B., Ćejvanović, F.: Application of multi-criteria decision making for the selection of apple varieties for the Northwestern region of B&H. J. Central Eur. Agric. 19(3), 740–759 (2018)
Montemurro, F., Persiani, A., Diacono, M.: Environmental sustainability assessment of horticultural systems: a multi-criteria evaluation approach applied in a case study in mediterranean conditions. Agronomy 8, 98 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8070098
Kontić, B., Bohanec, M., Kontić, D., Trdin, N., Matko, M.: Improving appraisal of sustainability of energy options - A view from Slovenia. Energy Policy 90, 154–171 (2016)
Leben, A., Kunstelj, M., Bohanec, M., Vintar, M.: Evaluating public administration e-portals. Inf. Polity 11(3/4), 207–225 (2006)
MacSweeney Brugha, C.: Structure of multi-criteria decision-making. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 55(11), 1156–1168 (2004)
Michalski, R.S., Larson, J.: Incremental generation of VLL hypotheses: the underlying methodology and the description of program AQ11. Report ISG 83–5, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1983)
Mileva Boshkoska, B., Bohanec, M.: A method for ranking non-linear qualitative decision preferences using copulas. Int. J. Decis. Support Syst. Technol. 4(2), 42–58 (2012)
Mileva Boshkoska, B., Liu, S., Chen, H.: Towards a knowledge management framework for crossing knowledge boundaries in agricultural value chain. J. Decis. Syst. 27, 88–97 (2018)
Mileva Boshkoska, B., Liu, S., Zhao, G., Fernandez, A., Gamboa, S., del Pino, M., Zarate, P., Hernandez, J., Chen, H.: A decision support system for evaluation of the knowledge sharing crossing boundaries in agri-food value chains. Comput. Ind. 110, 64–80 (2019)
Mileva Boshkoska, B., Miljković, D., Valmarska, A., Gatsios, D., Rigas, G., Konitsiotis, S., Tsiouris, K.M., Fotiadis, D., Bohanec, M.: Decision support for medication change of Parkinson's disease patients. In: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 196, November 2020, 105552 (2020)
Mitchell, T.M.: Machine Learning. McGraw-Hill (1997)
Moshkovich, H.M., Mechitov, A.I.: Verbal decision analysis: foundations and trends. Adv. Decis. Sci. 2013, 1–9 (2013)
Mouron, P., Heijne, B., Naef, A., Strassemeyer, J., Hayer, F., Avilla, J., Alaphilippe, A., Höhn, H., Hernandez, J., Mack, G., Gaillard, G., Solé, J., Sauphanor, B., Patocchi, A., Samietz, J., Bravin, E., Lavigne, C., Bohanec, M., Golla, B., Scheer, C., Aubert, U., Bigler, F.: Sustainability assessment of crop protection systems: sustainos methodology and its application for apple orchards. Agric. Syst. 113, 1–15 (2012)
Nikoloski, T., Udovč, A., Pavlovič, M., Rajkovič, U.: Multi-criteria assessment model for farm reorientation. J. Decis. Syst. 27, 79–87 (2018)
Ohunakin, O.S., Saracoglu, B.O.: A comparative study of selected multi-criteria decision-making methodologies for location selection of very large concentrated solar power plants in Nigeria. Afr. J. Sci. Technol. Innov. Dev. 10(5), 551–567 (2018)
Olave, M., Rajkovič, V., Bohanec, M.: An application for admission in public school systems. In: Snellen, I.Th.M., van de Donk, W.B.H.J., Baquiast, J.-P. (eds.) Expert systems in public administration, Elsevier, pp. 145–160 (1989)
Omerčević, D., Zupančič, M., Bohanec, M., Kastelic, T.: Intelligent response to highway traffic situations and road incidents. In: Proceedings of TRA 2008, 21–24 April 2008, Ljubljana, pp. 1–6 (2008)
Pelzer, E., Fortino, G., Bockstaller, C., Angevin, F., Lamine, C., Moonen, C., Vasileiadis, V., Guérin, D., Guichard, L., Reau, R., Messéan, A.: Assessing innovative cropping systems with DEXiPM, a qualitative multi-criteria assessment tool derived from DEXi. Ecol. Ind. 18, 171–182 (2012)
Power, D.J.: Decision Support, Analytics, and Business Intelligence, 2nd edn. Business Expert Press, New York (2013)
Puppe, F.: Systematic Introduction to Expert Systems: Knowledge Representations and Problem-Solving Methods. Springer, Berlin (1993)
Prevolšek, B., Maksimović, A., Puška, A., Pažek, K., Žibert, M., Rozman, Č.: Sustainable development of ethno-villages in Bosnia and Herzegovina—a multi criteria assessment. Sustainability 12, 1399 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041399
Prišenk, J., Rozman, Č., Pažek, K., Turk, J., Bohak, Z., Borec, A.: A multi-criteria assessment of the production and marketing systems of local mountain food. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 1–10 (2013)
Rajkovič, V., Bohanec, M. (1980): A cybernetic model of the computer aided decision making. In: Proceeding of 9th Internatioal Congress on Cybernetics, pp. 185–199, Namur
Rajkovič, V., Bohanec, M., Batagelj, V.: Knowledge engineering techniques for utility identification. Acta Physiol. (Oxf) 683(1–3), 271–286 (1988)
Ravier, C., Prost, L., Jeuffroy, M.-H., Wezel, A., Paravano, L., Reau, R.: Multi-criteria and multi-stakeholder assessment of cropping systems for a result-oriented water quality preservation action programme. Land Use Policy 42, 131–140 (2015)
Ravnikar, T., Bohanec, M., Muri, G.: Monitoring and assessment of anthropogenic activities in mountain lakes: A case of the Fifth Triglav Lake in the Julian Alps. Environ. Monit. Assess. 188(4), 1–17 (2016)
Rezaei, M.E., Barmaki, M., Veisi, H.: Sustainability assessment of potato fields using the DEXi decision support system in Hamadan Province, Iran. J. Integr. Agric. 17(11), 2583–2595 (2018)
Ricci, B., Messéan, A., Lelièvre, A., Colénod, F.-C., Angevin, F.: Improving the management of coexistence between GM and non-GM maize with a spatially explicit model of cross-pollination. Eur. J. Agron. 77, 90–100 (2016)
Roy, B.: Paradigms and challenges. In: Greco, S., Ehrgott, M., Figueira, J. (eds.) Multi Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys. Springer, New York (2016)
Rozman, Č, Grgić, Z., Maksimović, A., Ćejvanović, F., Puška, A., Šakič Bobić, B.: Multiple-criteria approach of evaluation of milk farm models in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mljekarstvo 66(3), 206–214 (2016)
Rozman, Č, Maksimović, A., Puška, A., Grgić, Z., Pažek, K., Prevolšek, B., Ćejvanović, F.: The use of multi criteria models for decision support system in fruit production. Erwerbs-obstbau 59, 235–243 (2017)
Saaty, T.L., Vargas, L.G.: Models, Methods, Concepts & Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Springer, US, New York (2012)
Sammut, C.: Concept learning. In: Sammut, C., Webb, G.I. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Machine Learning. Springer, Boston, MA (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_154
Saracoglu, B.: A qualitative multi-attribute model for the selection of the private hydropower plant investments in Turkey. J. Ind. Eng. Manag. 9(1), 152–178 (2016)
Stubelj Ars, M., Bohanec, M.: Towards the ecotourism: a decision support model for the assessment of sustainability of mountain huts in the Alps. J. Environ. Manag. 91(12), 2554–2564 (2010)
Taškova, K., Stojanova, D., Bohanec, M., Džeroski, S.: A qualitative decision-support model for evaluating researchers. Informatica 31(4), 479–486 (2007)
Trdin, N., Bohanec, M.: Extending the multi-criteria decision making method DEX with numeric attributes, value distributions and relational models. CEJOR 26, 1–41 (2018)
Tsiouris, K.M., Gatsios, D., Rigas, G., Miljković, D., Koroušić-Seljak, B., Bohanec, M., Arredondo, M.T., Antonini, A., Konitsiotis, S., Koutsouris, D.D., Fotiadis, D.I.: PD_manager: an mHealth platform for Parkinson’s disease patient management. Healthc. Technol. Lett. 4(3), 102–108 (2017)
Wohlfender-Bühler, D., Feusthuber, E., Wäger, R., Mann, S., Aubry, S.J.: Genetically modified crops in Switzerland: implications for agrosystem sustainability evidenced by multi-criteria model. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 36, 33 (2016)
Zadeh, L.A., Klir, G.J., Yuan, B. (eds.) Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, and Fuzzy Systems: Selected Papers by Lotfi A Zadeh. WSPC (1996)
Zimmermann, H.-J.: Fuzzy Sets, Decision Making, and Expert Systems, 4th edn.International Series in Management Science Operations Research, vol. 10. Springer, Netherlands (2001)
Zupan, B., Bohanec, M., Demšar, J., Bratko, I.: Learning by discovering concept hierarchies. Artif. Intell. 109, 211–242 (1999)
Žnidaršič, M., Bohanec, M., Zupan, B.: proDEX–A DSS tool for environmental decision-making. Environ. Model. Softw. 21(10), 1514–1516 (2006)
Žnidaršič, M., Bohanec, M.: Automatic revision of qualitative multi-attribute decision models. Found. Comput. Decis. Sci. 32(4), 315–326 (2007)
Žnidaršič, M., Bohanec, M., Zupan, B.: Modelling impacts of cropping systems: demands and solutions for DEX methodology. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 189, 594–608 (2008)
Žnidaršič, M., Bohanec, M., Lavrač, N., Cestnik, B.: Project self-evaluation methodology: the healthreats project case study. In: Proceedings of Information Society 2009, Ljubljana, pp. 85–88 (2009)
Žnidaršič, M., Bohanec, M., Trdin, N.: Qualitative assessment of data-mining workflows. In: Respício, A., Burstein, F. (eds.) Fusing Decision Support Systems into the Fabric of the Context, pp. 75–88. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2012)
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency, research core funding P2-0103.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bohanec, M. (2022). DEX (Decision EXpert): A Qualitative Hierarchical Multi-criteria Method. In: Kulkarni, A.J. (eds) Multiple Criteria Decision Making. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, vol 407. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7414-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7414-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-7413-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-7414-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)