Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fatty Acids and Immunomodulation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Immunomodulators and Human Health

  • 483 Accesses

Abstract

Cells require energy as source for survival. One of the major sources of energy is derived from lipids which are obtained from either dietary sources or de novo synthesis. The chapter highlights on different types of fatty acids and their pivotal roles in cellular structure and metabolic processes. It is followed by an overview of the immune response. Further explanation is provided on different types of fatty acids, their lipid mediators, and complex lipids that contain fatty acids, with emphasis on their roles in modulating immune response. The chapter provides description of the underlying molecular mechanisms in relation to health and disease pathogenesis. It addresses on the importance of dietary intervention as mode of therapeutic lifestyle modification for chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and several other diseases. Additionally, clinical strategies of targeted therapy to modifying fatty acids to overcome the increasing burden of chronic diseases as well as emerging disease are also presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aboonabi A, Aboonabi A (2020) Anthocyanins reduce inflammation and improve glucose and lipid metabolism associated with inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB activation and increasing PPAR gene expression in metabolic syndrome subjects. Free Radic Biol Med 150:30–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler A, Levy Y, Roth A, Wexler D, Keren G, George J (2005) Functional T-lymphocyte dichotomy in the peripheral blood of patients with unstable angina. Int J Cardiovasc Intervent 7(3):146–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi M, Emery DC, Morgan DJ (2008) Prevention of both direct and cross-priming of antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses following overproduction of prostaglandin E2 by tumor cells in vivo. Cancer Res 68(18):7520–7529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ajuwon KM, Spurlock ME (2005) Palmitate activates the NF-κB transcription factor and induces IL-6 and TNFα expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Nutr 135(8):1841–1846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alshatwi AA, Subash-Babu P (2018) Effects of increasing ratios of dietary omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids on human monocyte immunomodulation linked with atherosclerosis. J Funct Foods 41:258–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alves MR, Do Amaral NS, Marchi FA, Silva FIDB, Da Costa AABA, Carvalho KC et al (2019a) Prostaglandin D2 expression is prognostic in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep 41(4):2254–2264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alves MR, Do Amaral NS, Marchi FA, Silva FI, Da Costa AA, Carvalho KC, Baiocchi G, Soares FA, De Brot L, Rocha RM (2019b) Prostaglandin D2 expression is prognostic in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep 41(4):2254–2264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arango Duque G, Descoteaux A (2014) Macrophage cytokines: involvement in immunity and infectious diseases. Front Immunol 5:491

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baffy G (2009) Kupffer cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the emerging view. J Hepatol 51(1):212–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balaban S, Lee LS, Schreuder M, Hoy AJ (2015) Obesity and cancer progression: is there a role of fatty acid metabolism? Biomed Res Int 2015:274585

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basu S, Combe K, Kwiatkowski F, Caldefie-Chézet F, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Vasson MP (2015) Cellular expression of cyclooxygenase, aromatase, adipokines, inflammation and cell proliferation markers in breast cancer specimen. PLoS One 10(10):e0138443

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basu S, Harris H, Wolk A, Rossary A, Caldefie-Chezet F, Vasson MP, Larsson A (2016) Inflammatory F2-isoprostane, prostaglandin F2α, pentraxin 3 levels and breast cancer risk: the Swedish mammography cohort. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 113:28–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas SK, Mantovani AJN (2010) Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm. Nat Immunol 11(10):889–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boniface K, Bak-Jensen KS, Li Y, Blumenschein WM, McGeachy MJ, McClanahan TK et al (2009) Prostaglandin E2 regulates Th17 cell differentiation and function through cyclic AMP and EP2/EP4 receptor signaling. J Exp Med 206(3):535–548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla FA, Oettgen HC (2010) Adaptive immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(2):S33–S40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boswell MG, Zhou W, Newcomb DC, Peebles RS (2011) PGI2 as a regulator of CD4+ subset differentiation and function. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 96(1):21–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce JA (2007) Mast cells and eicosanoid mediators: a system of reciprocal paracrine and autocrine regulation. Immunol Rev 217(1):168–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buczynski MW, Dumlao DS, Dennis EA (2009) Thematic review series: proteomics. An integrated omics analysis of eicosanoid biology. J Lipid Res 50(6):1015–1038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne CD (2010) Fatty liver: role of inflammation and fatty acid nutrition. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 82(4):265–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calder PC (2006) n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 83(6):1505S–1519S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calder PC (2013) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? Br J Clin Pharmacol 75(3):645–662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Brouns F, Buetler T, Clement K, Cunningham K et al (2011) Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. Br J Nutr 106(S3):S1–S78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carracedo A, Cantley LC, Pandolfi PP (2013) Cancer metabolism: fatty acid oxidation in the limelight. Nat Rev Cancer 13(4):227–232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Castell-Rodríguez A, Piñón-Zárate G, Herrera-Enríquez M, Jarquín-Yáñez K, Medina-Solares I (2017) Dendritic cells: location, function, and clinical implications. In: Biology of myelomonocytic cells. IntechOpen

    Google Scholar 

  • Černý J, Stříž I (2019) Adaptive innate immunity or innate adaptive immunity? Clin Sci 133(14):1549–1565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan KL, Cathomas F, Russo SJ (2019) Central and peripheral inflammation link metabolic syndrome and major depressive disorder. Physiology (Bethesda) 34(2):123–133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM (2012) Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen EP, Smyth EM (2011) COX-2 and PGE2-dependent immunomodulation in breast cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 96(1):14–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CT, Domenichiello AF, Trépanier M-O, Liu Z, Masoodi M, Bazinet R (2013) The low levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in rat brain phospholipids are maintained via multiple redundant mechanisms. J Lipid Res 54(9):2410–2422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chizzolini C, Chicheportiche R, Alvarez M, De Rham C, Roux-Lombard P, Ferrari-Lacraz S, Dayer J-M (2008) Prostaglandin E2 synergistically with interleukin-23 favors human Th17 expansion. Blood 112(9):3696–3703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Combarros D, Castilla-Castaño E, Lecru LA, Pressanti C, Amalric N, Cadiergues MC (2020) A prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effects of an n-3 essential fatty acids supplement (Agepi® ω3) on clinical signs, and fatty acid concentrations in the erythrocyte membrane, hair shafts and skin surface of dogs with poor quality coats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 159:102140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper MD, Miller JF (2019) Discovery of 2 distinctive lineages of lymphocytes, T cells and B cells, as the basis of the adaptive immune system and immunologic function: 2019 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. JAMA 322(13):1247–1248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cui Y, Shu X-O, Gao Y-T, Cai Q, Ji B-T, Li H-L et al (2014) Urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23(12):2866–2873

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Daghem M, Bing R, Fayad ZA, Dweck MR (2020) Noninvasive imaging to assess atherosclerotic plaque composition and disease activity: coronary and carotid applications. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 13(4):1055–1068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das UN (2020) Can bioactive lipids inactivate coronavirus (COVID-19)? Arch Med Res 51(3):282–286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer AA, Monk JM, Robinson LE (2014) Docosahexaenoic acid decreases pro-inflammatory mediators in an in vitro murine adipocyte macrophage co-culture model. PLoS One 9(1):e85037

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Luca C, Olefsky JM (2008) Inflammation and insulin resistance. FEBS Lett 582(1):97–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dei Cas M, Paroni R, Saccardo A, Casagni E, Arnoldi S, Gambaro V et al (2020) LC-MS/MS analysis to study serum profile of short and medium chain fatty acids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1154:121982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • den Haan JM, Arens R, van Zelm MCJI, l. (2014) The activation of the adaptive immune system: cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells. Immunol Lett 162(2):103–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duttaroy AK, Basak S (2020) Maternal dietary fatty acids and their roles in human placental development. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 155:102080

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elajami TK, Colas RA, Dalli J, Chiang N, Serhan CN, Welty FK (2016) Specialized proresolving lipid mediators in patients with coronary artery disease and their potential for clot remodeling. FASEB J 30(8):2792–2801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elhassanny AEM, Ladin DA, Soliman E, Albassam H, Morris A, Kobet R et al (2019) Prostaglandin D2-ethanolamide induces skin cancer apoptosis by suppressing the activity of cellular antioxidants. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 142:9–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Murphy RC, Nishijima M, Raetz CR, Shimizu T et al (2009) Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids. J Lipid Res 50(Supplement):S9–S14

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedirko V, McKeown-Eyssen G, Serhan CN, Barry EL, Sandler RS, Figueiredo JC et al (2017) Plasma lipoxin A4 and resolvin D1 are not associated with reduced adenoma risk in a randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colon adenomas. Mol Carcinog 56(8):1977–1983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feigenson G, van Meer G, Voelker D (2008) Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9(2):112–124

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez ML, West KL (2005) Mechanisms by which dietary fatty acids modulate plasma lipids. J Nutr 135(9):2075–2078

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu T, Mohan M, Brennan EP, Woodman OL, Godson C, Kantharidis P et al (2020) Therapeutic potential of Lipoxin A4 in chronic inflammation: focus on cardiometabolic disease. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 3(1):43–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, Endo TA, Nakato G, Takahashi D et al (2013) Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 504(7480):446–450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galet C, Gollapudi K, Stepanian S, Byrd JB, Henning SM, Grogan T et al (2014) Effect of a low-fat fish oil diet on proinflammatory eicosanoids and cell-cycle progression score in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7(1):97–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garavito RM, DeWitt DL (1999) The cyclooxygenase isoforms: structural insights into the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1441(2):278–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gartung A, Yang J, Sukhatme VP, Bielenberg DR, Fernandes D, Chang J et al (2019) Suppression of chemotherapy-induced cytokine/lipid mediator surge and ovarian cancer by a dual COX-2/sEH inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(5):1698–1703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Mukanova U, Yessirkepov M, Kitas G (2019) The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as an inflammatory marker in rheumatic diseases. Ann Lab Med 39(4):345–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudino SJ, Kumar P (2019) Cross-talk between antigen presenting cells and T cells impacts intestinal homeostasis, bacterial infections, and tumorigenesis. Front Immunol 10:360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goicoechea M, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ortiz A, García de Vinuesa S, Quiroga B, Bernis C et al (2017) Low dose aspirin increases 15-epi-lipoxin A4 levels in diabetic chronic kidney disease patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 125:8–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes LR, Vessoni AT, Menck C (2016) Microenvironment and autophagy cross-talk: Implications in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 107:300–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas AR, Sun J, Vachani A, Wallace AF, Silverberg M, Kapoor V, Albelda SM (2006) Cycloxygenase-2 inhibition augments the efficacy of a cancer vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 12(1):214–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris RE (2009) Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) blockade in the chemoprevention of cancers of the colon, breast, prostate, and lung. Inflammopharmacology 17(2):55–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heusinkveld M, van der Burg SH (2011) Identification and manipulation of tumor associated macrophages in human cancers. J Transl Med 9(1):216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ho CKM, Christenson LK, Strauss JF (2004) Chapter 6—intracellular cholesterol dynamics in steroidogenic cells. In: Leung PCK, Adashi EY (eds) The ovary, 2nd edn. Academic, San Diego, pp 93–110

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman BC, Rabinovitch N (2018) Urinary leukotriene E(4) as a biomarker of exposure, susceptibility, and risk in asthma: an update. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am 38(4):599–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howe LR (2007) Inflammation and breast cancer. Cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin signaling and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 9(4):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huda-Faujan N, Abdulamir AS, Fatimah AB, Anas OM, Shuhaimi M, Yazid AM, Loong YY (2010) The impact of the level of the intestinal short chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease patients versus healthy subjects. Open Biochem J 4:53–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Islam SA, Thomas SY, Hess C, Medoff BD, Means TK, Brander C et al (2006) The leukotriene B4 lipid chemoattractant receptor BLT1 defines antigen-primed T cells in humans. Blood 107(2):444–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Isobe Y, Arita M, Matsueda S, Iwamoto R, Fujihara T, Nakanishi H et al (2012) Identification and structure determination of novel anti-inflammatory mediator resolvin E3, 17, 18-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid. J Biol Chem 287(13):10525–10534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jain A, Pasare C (2017) Innate control of adaptive immunity: beyond the three-signal paradigm. J Immunol 198(10):3791–3800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänne PA, Paz-Ares L, Oh Y, Eschbach C, Hirsh V, Enas N et al (2014) Randomized, double-blind, phase II trial comparing gemcitabine-cisplatin plus the LTB4 antagonist LY293111 versus gemcitabine-cisplatin plus placebo in first-line non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 9(1):126–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jezernik G, Potočnik U (2018) Comprehensive genetic study of fatty acids helps explain the role of noncoding inflammatory bowel disease associated SNPs and fatty acid metabolism in disease pathogenesis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 130:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce JA, Pollard JW (2009) Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 9(4):239–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko I, Hishinuma T, Suzuki K, Owada Y, Kitanaka N, Kondo H et al (2008) Prostaglandin F2α regulates cytokine responses of mast cells through the receptors for prostaglandin E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 367(3):590–596

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karpisheh V, Nikkhoo A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Namdar A, Azizi G, Ghalamfarsa G et al (2019) Prostaglandin E2 as a potent therapeutic target for treatment of colon cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 144:106338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kershaw EE, Flier J (2004) Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(6):2548–2556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khadge S, Sharp JG, McGuire TR, Thiele GM, Black P, DiRusso C et al (2018) Immune regulation and anti-cancer activity by lipid inflammatory mediators. Int Immunopharmacol 65:580–592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kosmas CE, Silverio D, Sourlas A, Montan PD, Guzman E, Garcia M (2019) Anti-inflammatory therapy for cardiovascular disease. Ann Transl Med 7(7):147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lafontan M (2014) Adipose tissue and adipocyte dysregulation. Diabetes Metab 40(1):16–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancet (1999) Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 354(9177):447–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landin K, Lonnroth P, Krotkiewski M, Holm G, Smith U (1990) Increased insulin resistance and fat cell lipolysis in obese but not lean women with a high waist/hip ratio. Eur J Clin Invest 20(5):530–535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laneuville O, Breuer DK, Dewitt DL, Hla T, Funk CD, Smith WL (1994) Differential inhibition of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271(2):927–934

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurat E, Poirier B, Tupin E, Caligiuri G, Hansson G, Bariety J, Nicoletti A (2001) In vivo downregulation of T helper cell 1 immune responses reduces atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Circulation 104(2):197–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J-S, Kim SH, Lee S, Kang JH, Lee S-H, Cheong J-H, Kim S-Y (2019) Gastric cancer depends on aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 for fatty acid oxidation. Sci Rep 9(1):16313

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Leung JCK, Chan LYY, Yiu WH, Tang SCW (2020) A global perspective on the crosstalk between saturated fatty acids and toll-like receptor 4 in the etiology of inflammation and insulin resistance. Prog Lipid Res 77:101020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liddle DM, Hutchinson AL, Wellings HR, Power KA, Robinson LE, Monk JM (2017) Integrated immunomodulatory mechanisms through which long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids attenuate obese adipose tissue. Dysfunction 9(12):1289

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Ouyang J, Sharma AN, Liu S, Yang B, Xiong W, Xu R (2015) Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu C-W, Lo Y-H, Chen C-H, Lin C-Y, Tsai C-H, Chen P-J et al (2017) VLDL and LDL, but not HDL, promote breast cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer Lett 388:130–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane S, Macfarlane G (2003) Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc Nutr Soc 62(1):67–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machiels K, Joossens M, Sabino J, De Preter V, Arijs I, Eeckhaut V et al (2014) A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 63(8):1275–1283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantovani A (2018) The inflammation–cancer connection. FEBS J 285(4):638–640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Markstad H, Edsfeldt A, Mattison IY, Bengtsson E, Singh P, Cavalera M et al (2019) High levels of soluble Lectinlike oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 are associated with carotid plaque inflammation and increased risk of ischemic. Stroke 8(4):e009874

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazzolai L, Duchosal MA, Korber M, Bouzourene K, Aubert JF, Hao H et al (2004) Endogenous angiotensin II induces atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and elicits a Th1 response in ApoE−/− mice. Hypertension 44(3):277–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merlo LM, Mandik-Nayak L (2013) Adaptive immunity: B cells and antibodies. In: Cancer immunotherapy. Elsevier, pp 25–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Miao L, Grebhardt S, Shi J, Peipe I, Zhang J, Mayer D (2012) Prostaglandin E2 stimulates S100A8 expression by activating protein kinase A and CCAAT/enhancer-binding-protein-beta in prostate cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 44(11):1919–1928

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno R, Kawada K, Sakai Y (2019) Prostaglandin E2/EP signaling in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 20(24):6254

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moltu K, Henjum K, Oberprieler NG, Bjørnbeth BA, Taskén K (2017) Proximal signaling responses in peripheral T cells from colorectal cancer patients are affected by high concentrations of circulating prostaglandin E2. Hum Immunol 78(2):129–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monk JM, Liddle DM, De Boer AA, Brown MJ, Power KA, Ma DW, Robinson LE (2015) Fish-oil–derived n–3 PUFAs reduce inflammatory and chemotactic Adipokine-mediated cross-talk between co-cultured murine splenic CD8+ T cells and adipocytes. J Nutr 145(4):829–838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murdocca M, Capuano R, Pucci S, Cicconi R, Polidoro C, Catini A, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, Orlandi A, Mango R, Novelli G (2019) Targeting LOX-1 inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis in an animal model. Front Oncol 9:927

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murrey RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW (2006) Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. McGrow Hill Comp, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi M, Rosenberg DW (2013) Multifaceted roles of PGE 2 in inflammation and cancer. In: Seminars in immunopathology, vol. 35. Springer, pp 123–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Nestler JE, Takagi K, Strauss JF III (1990) Lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism in cells that synthesize steroid hormones. In: Esfahani M, Swaney JB (eds) Advances in cholesterol research. The Telford Press, Caldwell, pp 133–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowbar AN, Gitto M, Howard JP, Francis DP, Al-Lamee R (2019) Mortality from ischemic heart disease: analysis of data from the World Health Organization and coronary artery disease risk factors from NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 12(6):e005375

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Okabe M, Toh U, Iwakuma N, Saku S, Akashi M, Kimitsuki Y, Seki N, Kawahara A, Ogo E, Itoh K, Akagi Y (2017) Predictive factors of the tumor immunological microenvironment for long-term follow-up in early stage breast cancer. Cancer Sci 108(1):81–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, Oshima H, Hancock B, Kwong E, Trzaskos JM, Evans JF, Taketo MM (1996) Suppression of intestinal polyposis in ApcΔ716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell 87(5):803–809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padol IT, Hunt RH (2010) Association of myocardial infarctions with COX-2 inhibition may be related to immunomodulation towards a Th1 response resulting in atheromatous plaque instability: an evidence-based interpretation. Rheumatology 49(5):837–843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panda SK, Colonna M (2019) Innate lymphoid cells in mucosal immunity. Front Immunol 10:861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson E, Wall R, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Stanton C (2012) Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Metab 2012:539426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pellicanò A, Imeneo M, Leone I, Larussa T, Luzza F (2007) Enhanced activation of cyclooxygenase-2 downregulates Th1 signaling pathway in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa. Helicobacter 12(3):193–199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhu AV, Luu W, Li D, Sharpe LJ, Brown AJ (2016) DHCR7: a vital enzyme switch between cholesterol and vitamin D production. Prog Lipid Res 64:138–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prevete N, Liotti F, Amoresano A, Pucci P, de Paulis A, Melillo RM (2018) New perspectives in cancer: modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation resolution. Pharmacol Res 128:80–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qualtrough D, Kaidi A, Chell S, Jabbour HN, Williams AC, Paraskeva C (2007) Prostaglandin F2α stimulates motility and invasion in colorectal tumor cells. Int J Cancer 121(4):734–740

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raff M, Alberts B, Lewis J, Johnson A, Roberts K Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn. Garland Science, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman SO, Singh RK, Hussain S, Akhtar M, Najmi AK (2019) A novel therapeutic potential of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors modulation in the neurological complications associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Pharmacol 842:208–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA (2011) Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31(5):986–1000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roper RL, Brown DM, Phipps RP (1995) Prostaglandin E2 promotes B lymphocyte Ig isotype switching to IgE. J Immunol 154(1):162–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russo E, Giudici F, Fiorindi C, Ficari F, Scaringi S, Amedei A (2019) Immunomodulating activity and therapeutic effects of short chain fatty acids and tryptophan post-biotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 10:2754

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson B, Dahlen SE, Lindgren JA, Rouzer CA, Serhan CN (1987) Leukotrienes and lipoxins: structures, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Science 237(4819):1171–1176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saresella M, Mendozzi L, Rossi V, Mazzali F, Piancone F, LaRosa F, Marventano I, Caputo D, Felis GE, Clerici M (2017) Immunological and clinical effect of diet modulation of the gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis patients: a pilot study. Front Immunol 8:1391

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz G, Ecker J (2008) The opposing effects of n− 3 and n− 6 fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 47(2):147–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semmlinger A, von Schoenfeldt V, Wolf V, Meuter A, Kolben TM, Kolben T, Zeder-Goess C, Weis F, Gallwas J, Wuerstlein R, Hermelink K (2018) EP3 (prostaglandin E2 receptor 3) expression is a prognostic factor for progression-free and overall survival in sporadic breast cancer. BMC Cancer 18(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serhan CN, Yang R, Martinod K, Kasuga K, Pillai PS, Porter TF, Oh SF, Spite M (2009) Maresins: novel macrophage mediators with potent antiinflammatory and proresolving actions. J Exp Med 206(1):15–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shah PK (2003) Pathophysiology of plaque rupture and the concept of plaque stabilization. Cardiol Clin 21(3):303–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simonetto M, Infante M, Sacco RL, Rundek T, Della-Morte D (2019) A novel anti-inflammatory role of omega-3 PUFAs in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Nutrients 11(10):2279

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Gautam AS (2019) Upregulated LOX-1 receptor: key player of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 21(10):1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha P, Clements VK, Fulton AM, Ostrand-Rosenberg S (2007) Prostaglandin E2 promotes tumor progression by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Res 67(9):4507–4513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth EM, Grosser T, Wang M, Yu Y, FitzGerald GA (2009) Prostanoids in health and disease. J Lipid Res 50:S423–S428

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snijdewint FG, Kaliński P, Wierenga EA, Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML (1993) Prostaglandin E2 differentially modulates cytokine secretion profiles of human T helper lymphocytes. J Immunol 150(12):5321–5329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soysal P, Arik F, Smith L, Jackson SE, Isik AT (2020) Inflammation, frailty and cardiovascular disease. Frailty Cardiovasc Dis:55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Szefel J, Kruszewski WJ, Sobczak E (2015) Factors influencing the eicosanoids synthesis in vivo. Biomed Res Int 2015:690692

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takatsu K (1997) Cytokines involved in B-cell differentiation and their sites of action. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 215(2):121–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas D, Suo J, Ulshöfer T, Jordan H, De Bruin N, Scholich K, Geisslinger G, Ferreirós N (2014) Nano-LC-MS/MS for the quantitation of prostanoids in immune cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 406(28):7103–7116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tilley SL, Coffman TM, Koller BH (2001) Mixed messages: modulation of inflammation and immune responses by prostaglandins and thromboxanes. J Clin Investig 108(1):15–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Topping DL, Clifton PM (2001) Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 47:777–780

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinchieri G (2012) Cancer and inflammation: an old intuition with rapidly evolving new concepts. Annu Rev Immunol 30:677–706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tubo NJ, Jenkins MK (2014) CD4+ T cells: guardians of the phagosome. Clin Microbiol Rev 27(2):200–213

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuckey RC, Stevenson PM (1979) Free and esterified cholesterol concentration and cholesteryl ester composition in the ovaries of maturing and superovulated immature rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 575(1):46–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida K, Shibata T (2008) 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2: an electrophilic trigger of cellular responses. Chem Res Toxicol 21(1):138–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulug E, Nergiz-Unal R (2021) Dietary fatty acids and CD36-mediated cholesterol homeostasis: potential mechanisms. Nutr Res Rev 34(1):64–77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umemoto N, Ishii H, Kamoi D, Aoyama T, Sakakibara T, Takahashi H, Tanaka A, Yasuda Y, Suzuki S, Matsubara T, Murohara T (2016) Reverse association of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios with carotid atherosclerosis in patients on hemodialysis. Atherosclerosis 249:65–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vane JR, Bakhle YS, Botting RM (1998) Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38(1):97–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vinolo MA, Rodrigues HG, Nachbar RT, Curi R (2011) Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients 3(10):858–876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vivier E, Raulet DH, Moretta A, Caligiuri MA, Zitvogel L, Lanier LL, Yokoyama WM, Ugolini S (2011) Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells. Science 331(6013):44–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt SL, Peña-Díaz J, Finlay BB (2015) Chemical communication in the gut: effects of microbiota-generated metabolites on gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens. Anaerobe 34:106–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Popov A, Saric T, Chemnitz J, Classen S, Stoffel MS, Fiore F, Roth U, Beyer M, Debey S, Wickenhauser C (2006) CD25 and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase are up-regulated by prostaglandin E2 and expressed by tumor-associated dendritic cells in vivo: additional mechanisms of T-cell inhibition. Blood 108(1):228–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Butany J (2017) Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Diagn Histopathol 23(11):473–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, DuBois RN (2010) Eicosanoids and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 10(3):181–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JJ, Mak OT (2011) Induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells by PGD2 metabolite, 15d-PGJ2. Cell Biol Int 35(11):1089–1096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Chen X, Hao J, Yang L (2016) Proper balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid supplements with topical cyclosporine attenuated contact lens-related dry eye syndrome. Inflammopharmacology 24(6):389–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wattenberg MM, Beatty GL (2020) Overcoming immunotherapeutic resistance by targeting the cancer inflammation cycle. In: Seminars in cancer biology. Academic

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan D, Yang Q, Shi M, Zhong L, Wu C, Meng T, Yin H, Zhou J (2013) Polyunsaturated fatty acids promote the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by activating the JAK/STAT 3 pathway. Eur J Immunol 43(11):2943–2955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Yamagata N, Yadav R, Brandon S, Courtney RL, Morrow JD, Shyr Y, Boothby M, Joyce S, Carbone DP, Breyer RM (2003) Cancer-associated immunodeficiency and dendritic cell abnormalities mediated by the prostaglandin EP2 receptor. J Clin Investig 111(5):727–735

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yao C, Narumiya S (2019) Prostaglandin-cytokine crosstalk in chronic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 176(3):337–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoda T, Kikuchi K, Miki Y, Onodera Y, Hata S, Takagi K, Nakamura Y, Hirakawa H, Ishida T, Suzuki T, Ohuchi N (2015) 11β-prostaglandin F2α, a bioactive metabolite catalyzed by AKR1C3, stimulates prostaglandin F receptor and induces slug expression in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 413:236–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeddou M, Greimers R, de Valensart N, Nayjib B, Tasken K, Boniver J, Moutschen M, Rahmouni S (2005) Prostaglandin E2 induces the expression of functional inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors in human CD8+ T lymphocytes by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A type I pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 70(5):714–724

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeldin DC (2001) Epoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. J Biol Chem 276(39):36059–36062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang G, Kodani S, Hammock BD (2014) Stabilized epoxygenated fatty acids regulate inflammation, pain, angiogenesis and cancer. Prog Lipid Res 53:108–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Wang M (2020) Cardiovascular biology of prostanoids and drug discovery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 40(6):1454–1463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

    H. Shahrul

  2. School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

    M. Tasyriq

Authors
  1. H. Shahrul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Tasyriq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. Shahrul .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Application, Nehru Gram Bharati (Deemed to be University), Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Rajesh K. Kesharwani

  2. Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Raj K. Keservani

  3. Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India

    Anil K. Sharma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Shahrul, H., Tasyriq, M. (2022). Fatty Acids and Immunomodulation. In: Kesharwani, R.K., Keservani, R.K., Sharma, A.K. (eds) Immunomodulators and Human Health. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6379-6_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation