Abstract
Heart failure is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Myocardial infarction remains one of the primary causes of chronic heart failure due to cardiac remodeling, including the formation of fibrotic scar tissue and cardiomyocyte necrosis. Despite myocardial infarction being recognized as a significant predisposing factor to heart failure, modern therapies such as pharmacological and surgical interventions are currently unable to treat the underlying pathologies. Because of the limited intrinsic regenerative capacity within the heart, stem cell therapy has recently been touted as a potential option for the treatment of heart failure. Stem cells are characterized by two unique properties; the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple lineages. Although the exact regenerative mechanism remains relatively unknown, it is believed that stem cells mediate myocardial repair primarily via activation of paracrine signaling pathways, with some cell types contributing to the direct replacement of functional cardiomyocytes. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown a range of predominantly neutral to moderately positive outcomes in terms of both safety and clinical efficacy. The following review will discuss what is currently known about stem cell-based treatment for heart failure, the various types of stem cells used in therapeutics, recent clinical trials, as well as current limitations and future directions of regenerative cell therapy.
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Abbreviations
- ABMCs:
-
Autologous bone marrow cells
- AMI:
-
Acute myocardial infarction
- BMDSCs:
-
Bone marrow derived stem cells
- BMMNCs:
-
Bone marrow mononuclear cells
- CABG:
-
Coronary artery bypass grafting
- CPCs:
-
Cardiac progenitor cells
- CSCs:
-
Cardiac stem cells
- CVD:
-
Cardiovascular disease
- EDV:
-
End diastolic volume
- ESCs:
-
Embryonic stem cells
- ESV:
-
End systolic volume
- HF:
-
Heart failure
- HFpEF:
-
HF with preserved ejection fraction
- HFrEF:
-
HF with reduced ejection fraction
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1
- iPSCs:
-
Induced pluripotent stem cells
- LVEF:
-
Left ventricular ejection fraction
- MI:
-
Myocardial infarction
- MSCs:
-
Mesenchymal stem cells
- PSCs:
-
Pluripotent stem cells
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
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Rheault-Henry, M., White, I., Atoui, R. (2022). Therapeutic Uses of Stem Cells for Heart Failure: Hype or Hope. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_17-1
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